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O ht - l - 5 4 J 3 z y - „ * * *£ \ ; & Þ P ks Dr. 6 bu — wv 3 LAY n "I - & i . 5 2 . 1 5 A | * 1 FI * * a» . n . # = +S * > o ge N.. * * * * N * 1 be pf IRS NE. een I op % Ky : SH Cab ; * s 7 \ "1 8 —Y : 7 | e * . Cat} 14 Ka " * * % 3 W ee n y * * * o > 2" 8 + . * 5 3 * 1 N 4 . 5.4 "OS 2 5 A = 55 on . 2 v 4 F * 1 A £ o 5 LT Ie) pn AD WY * 1 x $3 5 Fs) 4g, EA, ol Þ - "+68 5 7 + * &. I mA 1 * * r boo * 490 . . * *#, r „ ” Bt $5 a > * * _ > %, \ . 2 3 22 Y N N o . af 1 * * 3V; 4 = 36-44, 9 £ : 0 At, « he 8 . * . A N 1 » N W en +9652, 2 n : 1 * 8 7 g * 3 . eee by *© * 90 A 0 . Di AO On Ve es; > Pn : % : 1 * 4 . * 6 » . TT. "= * 2 . * "kd 4 Ts 1 , 5 Fi 2 $ CT. L , o "T4 Pry AN \ q 4 2 * * » — = © + 3 8 7 5 wars, BRI DOE Ma ® — " 2 a . : N 1 8 1 5 n a d 3 x £ " » 1 1 4 i N ö 7 N 8 way +” — l — 1 2 3 « 8 as wy, * 4 : - f r ” toy I * A b - a » , 95 5 5 % 4 . ; x | 4 g Tax: . * 3 Tf 5 5 nfs x "2 ; e R , 8 ; | : : * 1 * 5 * 2 N x * 4 ; } : ; oa . "Ih IF) 5 9 o | 0 : 0 5 * | N 4 8 1 8 i j | Bee 1 . bs ' <> FE ö — 1 3 „ 0 9 4 ; ' i „ . 8 3 ; 4 987 " p * i * n 55 , 4 4 4 [156 "4 2 Fi % - 2” 4 PL * 9 : | 4 4 ; + 6 1 992 +. # ; l ” «| D, in Little-Britain; Bar; C. Bis Y 7 £ . " x g CE : : - - 1 * 7. * * * o 7 * * » f C4 1 " 1 4 . 4 > | ; ; ; ; s F - : a i . : " 7 ov 2 4 | 3 N 37 1 F 2 1 - , a | 5 5 3 2 4 4 A * 5 ; 4 >, LOS | # * Zo 18 "IR ; * — — — o br Crt APES 1 A Ar ee _—_ 5 at . * © obs Merc | Ape 1 ee APR 6 ä — — i — tree ry — — - « % r * — K ˙ z — _— — — - * 7 4 £3 II vo! * 2; * LI <>. * #228, < TE 4120 % »\ * > ffs 4 1 ha © al oY 2» qt - = 1 . + © A 11 *. * * \ J * 1 338 - * - x % 17 $ © «2 * 4 _ I; a Bonne . * * — 5 7 - 9 . « +.«# 5 * — * * = 94 * 2 * * * - * * . ” * po | — . 1 % 2 96D 4 DOES: 3: A Magee" 4 8 * Ab 4 * * 7 a 3 . 2 © + s OATS . 7 ad ues W rern r * r & Coy wt * 1 8 r 8 75 e 1 . R 4 4A þ Tet 6 py Gf 4 3 5 * 1 * BE * 5 5 1 5 rl 8 ry Vt 3 4 8 1 8 * n | the "Fa 55 8 on condit on Jon be "fm thither. So RE 2 . * 1 : i fot Us th Dar: 21 25 75 bs *, LED F'& | N i Sr S107 5 Wi 3 8 3 PR 2 1 S* on XS 25 ; 1 * 991 py rows, © FT . ? «3 ] 02801 I 1 1 tines Is & — 3 —— —_ 9 4 wt * r am, 9” — . . S 2 V4 <4 8 . 232 > A — — A 4 2 PEI = wm o -—— pour» * of * „ 1 img Judges will, by comparing the Draughts of K difference. His Wooden Curt I have Cl a 725 B Dy ale than my Authyy ;, b 5 with pet "a id'S, Y : © 3 S * * N %s L” Tas 8 Oy . . b, 8 9 * — FS. - * . + ap as may, have occafin for me in the way, N KJ © . "NE W 5 TR NY "vv SY JF. BJ i S NW * Holy has yrodne'd, {fine oi in Ficenza, a Town, belc IP the-Republy of mean Extraction, but it in 50 80 ation of his for the honour he did his Native vanni Giorgio Triſſino, under om oni leafnt the moſt ouriou Civi 2nd Military ArchiteFlure, but likewiſe adorn'd his Mind with all Erudition. He made it his chief Study, to ſearch Id Rome, \ ie examin'd with unparalle % | ſhow how much he made himſelf Maſter of f 9 SS % 2 for walking through the rubbiſh and other eh — of. theſe, he diſcover d the true Rules of an Art, which till his time were unknown; even to e and Brumell;/ebs his 1 The ExaQnefs of His Deſign N thots, who vow little and ſince we have them drawn and ad explain d by > and third Books of his Arcbitecture. He flouriſh'd in the x 0 died in the Year 15 80. bo x 5 8 . omans did ther things fo bit both as my Maſt Author that remains ae on this Su * And indeed, F covering that ariy thing, © juſteſt Reaſon only, but ve wa NY prehend what the » Draughts accord ingly. tions I made on the ſaid 1 in * 1 * * - ereu * : 4 comm * x; * % * ferent the way of Building, pl 8 „ 1 propoſed tw my ſe Journies to ſeveral parts of lay, be able, from ſuch Fragments, to com- ml have been, and to make 7 ifices, and from being the only ancient Then, I betbok my Ruins of ancient Struc- ting how ; what J have read Vitruvius, \ in Leo Baptiſta Alberti, and other excellent Writers ſince FVitruvius's Time, as well mance, which raiſed my to thoſe who were pleaſ taking worthy of a M an bimſelf only, but e World the Deſigns (or Draughits) of thoſe Edifices, which with Exper ger of my Perſon, n as to employ me; e for the good 6 conſiders that * m Buildings of my own Perfor- eputation, and | gave 5 - no ſmall ſatisf: I'thought it an Under- he was not born for others, to publiſh' to the 1% have collected; 5 * 4. ta * _ * ” $6 . Irie e, i from the Obſerva- » „ 1 P — * + 3 A D * ” 1 * N N * * 5 * N * 5 * * * bt . 1 4 * * U * = * 4 * + * dee —— 1 — i * 3 * ol $72 * 7 LY * ; : ; Y ' 1 S | 9 8 E g N by 110 H__ a \ in 11 jw to 7 8 what is wanti : ore uſe at this time I ſee abundance of thers become ſtudions — © of this Profeſſion, many of whom are | Books of that rare Painter and ri Aretizos which makes me hope that the be reduced to general Utility and very ſoon a erfection, which, in all Arts, is ; fo much defi D come very near it, in this part of Hah, 1 — Fence (where all the polite Arts do flow mans) there (Et to appear Fabricks of good taſte, ſinee Sex: t *. celebrated Carver and Architect, Giacomo Sanſovino, firſt introduced i ee . Toy - the true manner, as may be ſeen, not to mention ie Perſor mances in the new Palace of Procara = which is perhaps the moſt 3 5 ſumptuous and the moſt beautiful Edifice that has been ereQted ſinee : eee time of the Ancients; it alſo in ſeveral other Places of leſs - in the City of Fcenza, which tho of no * d . A RN 5 . NEW ' renown, and particularly | P; = : great Extent, yet is full of very refined Genius s, and ſufficient! abounds in Riches. There I had firſt ocaſion to put that in prac- * tice, which I now publiſh for the common Good. As here may be een divers fine Edifices, and many Gentlemen who are moſt ſtu- | 9 5 dious of this Art, and who, whether their Blood or their Learn- ing be conſider'd, are not unworthy to be number d among the ET 5 moſt Illuſtrious, fach as John George Triſſino, the Ornament of our | | Age; the Counts Marc Antony and Adrian de Thieni, Brothers; | Antenor Pagello, and many others; who having paſt to another : Life, have eternized their Memory by the curious and rich Build- | ings they have left behind them. There are now living in the ſame City Fabio Monza, a knowing Perſon in many Subjects; Elio de Belli, the Son of Valerio, famous for Painting in Brooch* and Cut- | ting of Cryſtal ; Antony Francis Oliviera, who beſides the Know. * „ N D 222 ²˙ oa th 2 — _ Pr Pictures in one Colour are ſo call d. | | 1 N * 6 £, of 9 . 7 \ 9 PE 2 * 7 * * & - 1 F - > * F. 1 AG , EN 4 1 3 3 * 8 n 4 8 4 * 4 _— 5 * * n 4 4 S * 1 * * * 1 9 - "I" rod » . 1 LY \ „ 4 oC tori * J © 4+ As I MB SYS 2X . * vv: hee ms * FL > ; *y i 3 3 4 4 * " 2 ! 49 * 5 "WM . > > o = * - | ir roaſbnthleto believe, 2 1 rife do publick Edi ä ſelves; and tercetvingaierwards that they dd ACA of hen ; to make them happy, (if indeed there be any Happineſs here) they : naturally loved — delned the any of other Men, whence, : 4 5 out of many Houſes they made Villages, and out of many Villages >, Cities, in which they built publick Places and Edifices. Beſides, | „ as of all the parts of Architecture none is moge neceſlary than this = for Mankind, nor any more fr ow 59 5 pu I ſhall 9 2 | S priv p R I 0 lick Edifices. [belle inte ects, ubl 1 ” „„ Priſons, Baſilicbe, or Courts of Juſtice | : +=; 8 | were Places deſign d for bodily Ex 1 ' Amphitheatres, of Arches, of AqueduQs, and laſt of all, the manner of ties and Havens. In' all = | theſe I ſhall avoid ſuperflui and will barely remark e = ſuch things as þ r td ne moſt neceſſary, . uſing thoſe 2 Terms and Names that are in common uſe with our preſent Arch. 4 teQts. And becauſe I dare make no other boaſts' of my ſelf thn > 3 what flow merely from the long and earneſt Study, great Diligence, | ſtrong Paſſion and Affection wherewith I have purſued the Know- | | ledge and Practice of what I now offer to the World; if it pleaſes = God that I have not /aboured in vain, I ſhall be thankful to his & . 1 Goodneſs for it with all my heart; acknowledging my ſelf obliged „ _— to thoſe, who, from their fine Inventions and Experiments, have wn left us the Precepts of this Art; ſince thereby they have opened a | more eaſy and expeditious way to the making of new Diſcoveries, N and that by their means (which we ought thankfully to acknowledge) | we are come.to the Knowledge of many things, which otherwiſe had | OY 1 perhaps ” | | | _ "IE" eee es tuations for” 1 + y renient 6 have but very few an ay in this ght to be ou they them in iruvins has taught and laſtly, A 0 * 4 = la 55 di of y ſhall la tlemen in - 3 * Were . - o ſe parts with try-houſes, the m 7 # anner that - ” * * — o ſelves built them. 4 2 . * A. » T O - 2 * 3 @ & * - * * — * 8 . N e * * * 94 —_ * bl 5 8 o * 5 8 — F i ww * 5 7 N N 5 * . 5 — 2 g j . = 5 . is > "IP 2. Ol ak IS ” | LF i} © . \ W AIR » * 5 TH ** 4 Va =. I a cf c > l N | 6 +, * - 5 4 1 r 4 tþ x - _ ( . — * *% * 2 "A 1 N i o — \ Y * Fy * # \ . F 8 = = * 1 4 $, 1 1 2 7 0 o « . 12 « * 42 * ** P * Fl ** 5 * k * * * -- - * * a; a 4 9 1 57 ado. a : . db b * ME... Rad 07 _ 25 N g Pa 558 ee 2 beg (Ed 5 7 : n inte 12h © 61 9 22 n are chiefly to be con- 7 . 1 | {cannot be of any value. Theſe 1 vey, Solidity, any. Fot no Bdifice can be allow'd to be per- 5 | "if it be commodious'and . if being durable, it be ſubject | 2 | place and ſituation, in reſpect to its dignity and u | | 4 more nor leſs. than theſe require: as when the Halls, Rooms, We © balk, 1 - 5 . ä 5 921 4 "The Solidity Z Mes © Don of EEE be one above the other, > {oli ron be upon the ſolid, and the void upon the void. As for, the beauty | . it cot | of the parts with themſelves, and of each | ; with the whole: for a fine Building ought to ppear as an entire and perfect : | EE y, wherein every member agrees with its fellow, and each fo well with = a DL. whole, that i it may 172 N | to the being of the 3 Doors : i comp 3 all 6 mater t nothing be deficient, or hinder th e finiſhing of the work; it being | fatisfaQion and praiſe to the Builder, nor a f m advantag to t e * it = * it is compleated with due expedition, and in all its | toge! ner: le, 1 the Walls are rais'd at the ſame time, they will ſettle equally. every 1 5 and there will be none of thoſe Chinks or Cleſts, which are ſo common in the build- ings finiſh'd at ſeveral times. Therefor ng made choice of the moſt skilfu Artiſts that can be had (to the end, that, by ter carried on) Bricks, Stones, Lime, Sand; Timb in a ſufficient quantity ; concerning which proviſion, I intend to lay down ſome very uſeful Obſervations : as for example; for framing the Floors of the Halls and Chambers, ſo many Joyſts are to be provided for, as when fram'd, there may remain between them the ſpace of a Joylt and a b - Likewiſe concern- ing Stones, notice ought to be taken, that the Fambs of the Doors and Windows * — * than a fifth, and not leſs than a ſixth part of the opening: Vor. I. 20 f ae w "84 OE * * V5 8 And if he bal d is to 8 e whh . or Pilates, Why Bes Er- peil and Entablature, may be made of Stone, and the reſt of Bricks, As for W the Walk they ou! . to diminiſh 00 eratiot pet's, » 8 I on 5 5 a Py . + | + * _—_ Er cre This 1 Rut as Sxovgh dratiyht of the EEE. „ quality and goodneſs of the materials, are as 3 to be enquir i N duuantity of them, the experience of thoſerwhoyhave built before, will be a great 5 | | = to determine what is fit and mp to be Jade. 0s. tho £ bie 9 8 | . the hoes > Materiah ; yet that noi be wan in this Book, 1 al ſubjoin my owe. Quieryntions to the moſt 1 * meg 3 ry . „ 5 rr 8 2 * o 4 * * of 2 ry WF. 2 9 - 2 * 9 I Y Foo 5 9% 1 — 7 2 > * 8 * IS i nd : * n > 12, > OR 6 en es 25 i DRL = > Of * 1 CE . 8 r 6 _ I EX $4 92 EY — » 7 HEY * * . > w_< 3 AY - Wo 4 - Wi a [7 . 2 4 a” . 8 > > TR "Fix FE &. FL RIEL 7 1 7 e 3 — — i WY 15 * * hes * - #4 — — 3 % $.4 "0 2%. LS 2 $ þ 4 Y > * * fe be 87 8 1 2 5 . 5 0 * * 3 = * vi .. * F 5 $ p ; 15 1 5 1 . 4 4 7 Y g 1 * a wa . 0 r - CY ROY, 3 #1? : * 4 — Wo ! £ o £ . 3 8% . 7" 44 1 5H Sa. 4 o 8 n E a 5 £3 : 4 . 8 A 1 9 4 * 2 "ISP * 2 . * 7 « : ö 82 N . 5 . n 3 . 5, : F 4 1 3 . - 1 TE 5 J . J 3 4 8 A 23 0 = * . 1 | "+0 * ” * 8 = 5 f 1 8 . : 8 8 5 0 | N Tres : 0 : ( * 3 5 x 8 TN 1 j ö N a , 4 a * — Mc 8 0 * f 1 yy 4 4 * x or ON ” ; ; «* =. $4 „ N ö 5 * # d 4 5 ” : 1 * Sis 1 a . 2 a % $4} ” a 2 $45 * PR. . FM 2 F * 1 6 $ . ; : by þ NY * : 4 s IF 2 > $55 K * ; p L 4 oF * 7 4 * 9 4 "=>. . : f * * 1 x 4 . 1 X * br 1 5 r ER A 1 5 i „ £ ; . | : 7 £ 8 84 * % . * TEE © »S. KD Jan” „„ ? C *- J 2 5 F : 5 : a ” ; $ 4 F * 1 A 4 9 2 6 9 is * * 4 k ; : o ; 0 4 * * 4 * Es fa, * 3 = * 2 * * " 2 5 & 2 7 3 4 8 in N and dung 0 the winter; becauſe the 5 which, 3 in ſpring and ſummer, was diſpers'd through the leaves and fruits of che trees, is * then gather d into the trunk and boughs : and if it is felld in the wane of the Mode, then it is free from a certain moiſture which is apt to breed worms, and to rot the wood. Timber ſhould be cut at firſt only to the pith, aud Io left 3 until it be dry, chat the rotting moiſture we have ſpoken of, may the caſter down and paſs away. Being cut, it muſt be laid under ſhelter from Sun | \ | Rain, Chiefly that fort of wood which grows of it ſelf, that is, without being fow'd or planted, for fear i ſhould chop: and in order to make it ERR gn 5 it will be very proper to daub it over with Cow-dung, It ſhould not be drawn home through the Dew, but rather in the Aeon; . neither ought it to be . 8 becauſe it would bs it warp and occalion clumſy work : nor will it in leſs than three Years be dry enough to uſe it in Planks, Doors, and Window Frames. Tis expedient for thoſe who undertake 4 building, if they want skill in this, to jnform themſelves from men who are throughly acquainted with the nature of Timber, that they may judge which is fit for ſuch or ſuch uſes, and which not. 71 itruvius, in the above quoted Chapter, gives good inſtructions on that head; beſides many more who have | written at large on the ſame Subs. CHAP. III. Of STONES. 2 \HERE are two ſorts of Stones, natural and artificial. The natural are dug out of the Quarry, and either fit to make Lime (of which we ſhall ſpeak more at large hereafter) or to be employ d in making the Walls of Buildings; and of theſe laſt there are ſeveral ſorts. Some extreamly hard, as Marble, and ſuch other living Stones, as they are call d: ſome leſs hard, as Free- ſtone ? others ſoft; 3 _ 2 80 < - N — 0 - = * — 28 2 * "32 2 5 — * * s — a 2” - * . er ms = "> bond -a,40 A {ove NEC, EC r vg by Wy ** 49 Fae eee ve: wx = * & Q — 1 10 2 "ee - * a c — _ i * — Hep 3 got” * * a . F * 4 4 Sh 6 LF a i 1 N 9 - 75 0 2 f d 8 — . a 3 6 rev by 8 — 0 ** — * 8 2 I 8 > 2 — * 94 'S 8 , * 1 1 k, vp. y - hag. v 8 _— 2 2 2 "4; I x " 4 Cn — — 0 X * 8 p * 8 * x. - 2 ne? . Py — — 5 * — x b - 4 27 ” 7 8 - 7 7 * — 4 SET Wis! * . — PSS... * XZ et 0 £ x Ar, AD = = . * " 0 # _ 3 N * 5 , 4 — 1 wor, ³·˙ 77 8 2 3 2 "IJ 8 F * * r wy p oc To, 10" 208 7 — ; 0 e 2 * e 3 1 Oy 2 + 8 1 ge * — EE KEN „ A * dt an bs * „ ** 2. fi * 9 3 . - Sony n r ©} OED 1 2 Fe , y 2 2 SEAS 4 " : 2 Wo a rener . . 70 * 3 7 # > E . *% TIE SW - , \ ©"... 200 = rh — 1 2 4 I; p = = 222 re I _ ob 2 5 * * — \ £ A hs * — x, CA 7 N g * Is, ES ities: i ad — 5 rr A ” — 3 - ? . ** 8 1 « ——_ ö 3 5 . » a x . 5 Ab — 8 I A TECH > ii „ — r n * * 2 4 n EE 2 Rr n 2 SY 1 hn 4 I! n * * , 2 "eb. a. — 1 * q 7 . Mo hee 1 * 7 - b on — * - 3 : / E * * FN 8 2 — 2 1 " — . * 1 * — D 1 2 - I > — 4 2 4 LF R 4 _ 8 * _ 9 7 - N * 5 —_ - r 1 L . L - IF 2 = : 7 3 LIBS att 1 — * a _ . * 6. - : I ae — 1 2 . * —— I . N « . — 5 9 b * * of - * by PI. * R 1 ade ch : K We - — * — mer = « A . 1 4 0 —— 7 Pp b 1 . . Re” v x a; # 4 — vows wp 7 NY — — v 2 you a 28 4 be WY - 9 — a A U 2 9 a LED g * 2 2 * N 2 K 6 2 £ * oy 1 8 ; — ” 8 1 N 0 : : * 4 „ © * wed P \ 8 2 A : * Et”. _ A Of a ” hs, 4 2y CAFE * > belt 50 — he . e = x of 4 J - [IE * — LY -w — a * x . 9 — WY. "d ab EMT N M ern er I Ton. ome „ A 4 „ AA” eee — a TY” Eee EE nn 9 . 0 a AN en * „ n „ _ © 1 Kr . Is 33 . * ; I Eb? a * tres a k * 1 N . it * 37 . * 3h ä Q = £60 . > | Fro rn . : Rs, Na a ION WK N n 1 * Wy. =D \ — _— n N a T9 as N 85 1 2 e WW, EN . e LE IR _ 1 6 A 2 4 188 eee " , 1 4 * 9 1 4 K 5H p : RI 4 \ » * 4 i N 5 N OY > 3 , AN I - 12 1 bo Cn: * 3 N 14 5 £4, 8 8 22 8 * * 2 a OY Me, $4 * T 6 8 . 8 — 55 8 22 + iy + if 1 - * ts 1 * i 4 N 5 N lh, gg WES FTT. OG Wars LITE | „ CI 7 3 v? \ IS : | 8 Frein Lib bon vor re OT IT TIL my f N : : 8 1 1 Bog 9 5 a 1 N nnn pt oy o % offs, ; - 8 l 5 RP 1 n * 1 F A} 118 (LP 2 Re Longer een Ts * * 9 12 ** . N 8 an mot a. ba 22 £ W my a — "IS Takes ne A A Ne 4 7 . 8 : . gf l , „ I en bo nn | 9 , rn Ne a 0) "hw y 4 n 1 e 88 a ys gd WR. N WES. * 8 % WE SE * 8 22 n We r 2 28 1 , 4 . 5 oo 4 * bs 2 2 0 pe; ne” Fn 7 a k X 2 ; ſs ES. IL, > 115 _ * 1 vo "os £58 «> PH 6 TN _ Tag 85 g 0 p . ; Y 8 1 N FPS. hoy Dp * © MS * ei 8 3 n a s . HL: es | 9 N "x. 1 8 7 1 * , YN 5 , 3 * as . . | 1 £ >þ 8 . . 2 4 > . e N 4 ; n 1613 8 : k Ai 28 I * „ - ts, 5% . Fig N 7 785 p x + "a. n = 7 * * 3 * * Ft J 1 Y . . 1 ih ' — % - 7 . ; ; * Ku : 1 4 5 F | 8 * Fe j an: „ % f Bones; and OY N 3 Chalk we! A Freeſions wan be wrought as _ "A for they wil | be:then more 6% to work, ance. the lon - they are gut of the Quarry : they be- 193 | come the harder. But as to ſofter Stone, i© ought to be dug .in-fammer, ' be ex © 1 pos d to the Air, and not to be uſed within two Vears; eſpecially when the nature Fe noon” us ol the Stone is not well known, as when tis dug in a place from whence none has been yet taken: for being expey 'd to Wind, Rain and Froft, it grows hard by de- grees, -and more capable to bear the Weather. Another reaſon why it ſhould be left fo long i is that thoſe which are damag d may de laid aſide, to be uſed in mndations, and other places not expos.d to fight; and that the others | abs are well ſgaſon d may be employ d in the outſide work, becauſe chen we 5 5 - -may be fure that after fuch a trial, they will laſt long. 1 | 1 5 ART! IFICIA L Stones, which from their form are commonly call d Saane. 118 | . Pi 1 Bricks, are made of a chalky, whatith, and ſoft Earth, without any mixture | of Clay « or Sand, which i is to be carefully ſepa arated,. The Earth i is to be dug in The Earth for Brick autumn, and temper'd in winter, that the Mieke may be moulded in the ſprivg: n But if -necellity forges to make them in winter or ſummer, they muſt be cover'd in Bricks i = ag winter with dry Sand, and in ſymmer with Straw. When made, they require a | long time to dry, and tis beſt to dry them under ſhelter, that both the middle 2 and the outſide may be equally hardned, which can't be done in leſs than two 1 J _ years. They may be made bigger or ſmaller, according to the nature and qua- 5 4 lity « of the Building, apd the uſe to which they are defign'd. The 3 made their Bricks for publick and great Buildings, larger than thoſe for ſmall aa 4 private, ones. The bigger ſort ought to have W hole 45 here and 22 that | „ 4 LG ny N and burn the better. $7 oo 9 © HAP ff ork REE 8 Sand are 3 uſed in Buildings - Pit-Sand, River- Three forts of Sandi 1 Sand, and Sen- Band., Pit Sand is the beſt of all, and is either black, white, ald ef be S, de red, or cindry; which laſt is a ſort of Earth burnt by Fire inelos d in the Moun- of che Pitis the beſt, tains, and very common in Tiſcany. There is alſo in Terra di Lavoro, in the Territories of Baiæ and Cumæ, a Sand by Vitruvius call'd Puteolana, which There 8 2 Agri | knits together very ſoon in Water, and makes Mortar exceeding ſtrong. It has Tralien called e | been found by long experience, that of all Pit-Sand, the white is the worſt; and — Mortar, 2 of River-Sand, that which is in the rapid ſtreams, and under falls of water, is the binds preſently. beſt, becauſe it is the cleaneſt. The Sea-Sand is the worſt of all; however it Sea-Sand is the worſt gught to he blackiſh and to ſhine like Glaſs : the biggeſt and a the ſhore is WY WF RO the beſt Pit Sand being the fatteſt makes the ſtrongeſt Mortar, and is therefore | 40 heiuſed:in; Walls and long Vaults, but tis apt to crack. River-Sand is very good far nendring and rayghrcafting of Walls. But the gea · Sand, being ſoon wet and Joop; dry, and apt to melt away by reaſon of its Salt, is unfit to bear any weight. The Þeſt;Sand in its kind of any of theſe forts, is that which being handed aud use d between one's Fingers, erack les or makes a noiſe; or, if being Put upon n white cleth, it neither ſtains nor dirties it. That which mingled with Wa Water makes. it ſlimy and muddy, is very bad: as alſo that which has for a © 3% © 1 4 0 ier n ss + & SL ST * 4 —— SY "IRS 2 bis 1 LI aw * ay * £ OS = YI" eG LI CST 2 N 9 . 88 : S 1 I OY 8 To „ e 1 1 n oy * e : is. 2 « 2 2 SHAMAN 17 2 IJ 8 A * e * = | + 2's N Ns x. 1 R$ v8 ; 12 5 8 . N 3 x F 4 * + 22 6 0. „ . * AF, $ * N N 5 "5 * e i "1 1 * Yay I) * 1 & N *. n EM: 5 , * pe 5 5 10 wy; 4 * 2 15 2 * Id 9 2 N ** * y % MI 1 * 4 $4 * 5 Pre : Vn hs * 5 8 . BY PA GA . Ig. hs Wee I n gots | i e n » * n : by 2 Wo. 6 +. I 1 y = * . rules th. ih * 1 WM 9 A * 1-294 * N k 928 r % 3 N $; 75 * * 8 x oO OY. # a] * \ % 5 . 8 97 * 1 Py % ae gb 9 + WING - 7 Wert, 0 n 90 8 4 a FS . * 8 % x WAR: ; Ch ; bo * Ne * r HR. #4 2 1 5 . - wax 24 Gs 5G Wo : x © x dp * 4 * 1 — > ado we 2 * N { * 7 2» "8 . + 4 + ka KY RET AT G * * 1 5 n * + ; 8 2 5 FLAC * 0 3 be) va 3 10 a W * 4 n 3 i 3 A 5 *3; N * e {4 ; - K "34 + » * fig A * ; 4 x 8 l 8 Wh Y : enz TH . * 4 * * N 1 Y 7 F „ * . "Ao , KY F £m Let * . 7 - 0; 14 | 13 n 4 . 8 * * 8 N , yu, "0 NR. 9 vn * oe 8 0 * 45.3 5 ; q * wo 4 I 0 * 8 * x 8 * 7 4 5 a g | 4 ' „ <2 a 5 N EIS FR 3" 2 Se 4 A ba 1 "31 - 5 * N N 4 b The "Wb time 1 . to © | "Nin (a % | cat 3 rol eee die "IR . | \ * \ * 5 Fe 2 4 y a A 5 IR 1 Es. ; 2 $4 * 8 ; 1 a * 3 % Ft » * * * 7 FRE: 2 n r. 8 8. oo "EN . 1 ©3. Y- * 1 — E 12 n * 2 4% Se x - 1 4 £ * ; 3 5 y . ng * i 4 * «oof : 2. a. x(t 181 , by N . * La * I} TP AS - K 5 Og f 9 . % "F 83+ Nr Y 2 Pty ws v4 l 25 + EM III 155 * NAG: Co * + . 99 * 2 e 8 KY * a bs 7 $ 2 3 5 ; , A 2 \ - N 1 185 * MAGS Ft 0 KY 3 „ « « [ A 4 © $4 © * d 6 WE. A x 3% 27S 74 $5, 7A 5 » 07 LIME, wid hw . a a. Stones proper to * 1 is des he A J I SG © . of Wia and of 1.4 the Hill are good, if they are dry, free from any moiſture, and naturally *_ gs or I OR, brittle ; having no mixture of any ching in them, which after paſſing the fre, © this Lime is otly might make the Stone leſs. .. The beſt | ime. therefore is made of the Hard N Wals, for i heavieſt, and whiteſt Stones; and whit , being burnt, remain about a third part makes neat Work, lighter than before. There is alſo a ſort of ſpungy Stone, which makes very. 8 | OI Lime, for rendring of Walls. In the Hills of Padua, they dig a certain rugge and ſcaly Stone, whoſe Lime is very good for works expos 'd to the Weather, or i in the Water, becauſe it hardens immediately, and laſts a long time. All dug Stones are better to make Lime, than the gather d ones; and rather thoſe chat come from a ſhady and moiſt pit, than from a dry one; and the white better chan the 5 Pebbles, eſpecially white ones, that are gather in Rivers, and rapid | Streams, make excellent Lime; the work done with it is very white and neat, | therefore tis commonly uſed in finiſhing of Walls. All ſtones, of what fort fo- ever, are ſooner or {lower burnt, according to the Fire given them), but gene- The Stones for Lime rally they are burnt in 60 Hours. The Lime being taken out of the Kiln, to pin burtin if Hack it well, water muſt be pour d upon it by degrees, and at divers times, till it . me moiſt and is well temper d. It muſt be left afterwards in a ſhady place, without any mix- neg ture, only covered lightly with Sand; and when tis to be uſed, the more it is beat and mixt with the Sand, the better and ſtronger it will be, except that which is made with the ſcaly Stone of Padua; becauſe it muſt be employ d as Three parts of Pit- ſoon as kiln'd, otherwiſe it waſtes and burns away. To make good Mortar, Sand Sand to be mixt with js to be mixt in ſuch a proportion, that one part of Lime be put with three * 8 one of Lime, and two of River or Sea Sand of Pit-Sand, and two parts only of River or Sea-Sanc. | with one of Lime, for good Mortar. CHAP. Vi. 5 Of METALS. 55 cM HE Metals uſed in Building are Iron, Lead, and Copper. Tron is fit to * make Cramps, Spikes, Nails, Hinges, Bolts, Chains, Locks, and the like Works. It is no where found pure; but when the Ore is dug, tis purged by the Fire, which renders it liquid; ; and before tis cool, its foulneſs may be eaſily ta- ken away. And after it is ſo purg d and cool'd, it becomes ſoft and caly to be wrought and beat out with the Hammer; but it can't eafily melt again, except it is put into a furnace made for that purpoſe. If, being red-hot, it is not quickly beat and work d, it waſtes away. It will be a ſign of its Goodneſs, if being made into Bars, its veins are continu'd ſtrait, without interruption, andeif the ends bf the Bars are clean and without ſoil, or ſcum ; becauſe the ſtreightneſs of its veins - * - N — — * 5 * — — n £1 fo - —_ PAT” 8 . n . & — 8 _m— — . a 1 hy P N enen 8 wa > —— 4 — = « ö t RM ee; — —— r P ⁵—:.:.. Io oa re LIES WY a oe. fag > ah Ea AA r C9 2 — ent 4 RIS PI * Þ * 8 c 4 N þ " O_ - » - Ss K DES 7 - 8 — * 4 8 7 Nan 8 2 br Fon, ab 2 . er * c x 3 6 * y * FP * 6 1 1 2 _ EEG SSH Cot et — — E 8 — ö T7 oO on og robe r RI — 2 —— — | | 3 22 WT of . nan do if 6 * 5 * , 3 2 ** 4 — - g * * 5 . 2 LES 2 hs 234; y 1 4 hens * "Gate 4 * ---"2"2e - 1 1 N q 1 * * 5 v ob — 4 * y * y „ * * p l at” | » * ©. OS, 4 hy R * 2 * 1 , (Coop ine N y - . 9 5 RR. = 21 * "Le 7 by Mr” 0 — — N oY 4 „% 2 - / — Rat Bert ͤͤͤ ²³Ü VA ˙ dl, S TSS FR, 7" tg SUS: Sree? — q Oe l 6 2 Ty « . FY 7 2 — 22 * * 4 7 No S WT, op 4 5 * 7 — 4 how. * - Co 28 n * - r \ ** - * K g 2 "4 f FR - 4 * * * k f f n 8 „„ = en 2 „N r 2 . n r 5 * © "Yes E 2 p IL Were T PM — 4 # * 3 * . 3 . A wr by 1 a . . 8 0G. e R ro a, SRL ws : 5 e I l 2 Nen Ces 7 3 ; Z 2 Mes ir 3 r v — "IT . c FE x N * . . 7H * — e 3 n "IX 7 n ns Cog id 2; "4 4 =” Vn < 3 1 . r 3 , * Ces. * + N p 3996-4 * d 7 5 N — r E e TS x $ "8 #0 Ile gen <3 05 3 2 2 * 2 N q 2 — 2 — 2 e þ n 0 — * 1 e — 93 felt 4 , 2 2 o * . * way 2 3 me . a — , * of - K * 2 F , — PP —— 2 . or Ming pry art . bh 5 - 1 4 . "= E 1 2 — * l 4 p . 2 » 2 5 0 FC: " * 4 » e elf Wu > 7 * - tween both. Lead is dug in great natural Lumps, or in ſmall ſhining blackiſh rs! endur'd the Hammer. wik uſed in faſtning all manner of Iron-work in Stone, as for example hooks to Fire makes it Liquid, before it is red-hot; but if tis put into a very hot Furnace, ' Prows of thoſe Men of War, that he took from Marcus Antonius | in Epirus. „ 2 "ora Aal. 27. 3 | ſhews the In => 1 Pur I 18 puffs, or IT had” one miy judge of the middle by the ends being forp'd into ſquare plates, or any other Figure; and if the ſides are c 8 one may conclude. * it is ee _ _ e e LEA D ves to cover naphiſicent: er Towers, 8 ka: ther pub. Ws: alſo to make gutters and pipes to Sonvey Water. It is like- 3 Gates, e. There are three ſorts thereof, white, black, and of a colour between both, call'd by ſome'Aſh-colour. The Black is fo call'd,. not becauſe | tis really black, but only becauſe it has ſome black ſpots intermixt with its white- nes z and therefore to diſtinguiſii it from the other ſort; the Ancients have call'd it black. The White is the moſt perfect of the three. The Aſh-colour is be- pieces; or elſe in very thin Leaves which ſtick in Rocks, Marble, Pebbles, Flint, . . and other Stones. All ſorts of Lead are eaſily melted, becauſe the heat of the ; it loſes its ſubſtance, and changes partly into Litharge, what remains being no- e = thing but ſcum. Of theſe three ſorts of Lead the black is the ſofteſt, and conſe- —_— very eaſily wrought, but it is heavier than the others. The white is hard- er and lighter 3 the Aſh-colour i is much harder than the white, but of a middle weight be both. Corres 4 is ſometimes uſed to cover publick Buildings. The Ancients were 0 wont to make a ſort of hook, or cramp with it, to faſten the Stones one with an- other: by the help of thoſe cramps, a Building was rendred a great deal ſtronger and more durable. The cramps, we now moſt commonly uſe, are made of Iron, but the Ancients made them oftner of Copper, becauſe that Metal, being not ſubject to ruſt, it laſts longer. The Letters for Inſcriptions, which they plac d in the Entablatures of their Buildings, were alſo made of that Metal, of which ſ- veral Authors affirm, that the hundred famous Gates of Babylon were alſo made: 1 as likewiſe the two Pillars of Hercules eight Cubits high, in the Iſle of —_— 1 = The Copper is eſteem'd the beſt, which being drawn from the Mine, and purg 1 1 by the Fire, is red with a yellow caſt, and full of Pores; for tis a ſign of its # C cleanneſs, without any droſs. Copper may be heated like Iron, and made liquid, — ſo that it may be caſt; but if the Fire is too hot, it will not endure it, but totally 8 | AJ conſume away. I his Metal, altho very hard, is yet very pliable, and dilates it ” | 1 {elf into very thin Leaves. Tis beſt preſerv d when dipt in Tar; for tho it does 'P 4, 1 not ruſt like Iron, yet it has a kind of ruſt peculiar to it {elf called V er-de-greaſe, | 4 eſpecially if it touches any ſharp moiſture. Of this Metal mixed with Tin, Lead, | | [+ and Latten (which laſt is another ſort of Copper colour d with Lapis Calaninaris | © 1 is made a Metal call'd Braſs, which oftentimes Architects do uſe in Baſes and Ca- ä 1 pitels of Pillar Statues, Vaſes, and ſuch like Ornaments. There are at Rome four Columns of Braſs in the Church of St. Giovani de Laterano, one only of | 'Y which has its Capitel. Auguſtus had them caſt out of the Braſs taken from the | Tux remain alſo in Rome, to this day, four ancient Gates, viz. that of the Rotunda, formerly the Pantheon: that of St. Adriano, which was the Temple of Saturn: that of St. Coſmo and Damiano, which was the Temple of Caſtor and Pollux, or rather of Remus and Romulus ; and that of St. Agnes, without the | 2 Gate Viminalis. But the fineſt of all theſe, is that of St. Maria Rotunda, wherein 1 WO Vol. I. SE » | | | |," | 9 * I r T wo DE Oy goa *** LI © 4 = — : * OS, N W Sr , J . * F —_ OY, n * i Al OE 7 q Pi . r 5 N 1 1 * * . e " pas. cr , , 8 — 4 * Py Nen 5 Oo A rae 0 * "Et wed * 6 25; . > 0 1 N 1 R rr a>; £4 2 LID LI <4 een 1 — _ - Er — | — ĩͤͥͤr ꝛrÜi..r² IE.... . —· VL . ˙ M ⁵rn ],. “““ «— OT ee eee 2 — 9 r 2 m 4 s 2 6 53 * . _ > 6 - — 4 n 4 1 . T ” n — * — 1» 7 ae” 0 "46.5 7 4 N .. — 2 * 5 K 3 TD a 4 5 1 6 9 pri 1 4 " i * 5 9 STS : car 3 Dy >= vs Fon 2 2 4 * * hm, 72 A *. s RE 2 * An WT "TO of | 2 0 e tn . n : : => ONS 22 ß ]ꝗ .. 4 OI „ r Lear: 2 £8 e _—_ EI CE on W . m_ : . = : _ 0 = _ : FP . 8 1 on „ 2 Ex — 770 CEE N FP N We- d eee * as TRE YT 7 2 IE” ee” Os » _ =Y 3 . 1 — — 5 +; 5 oe 8 amm W TT "UN ITE N88 - » LES oo ll XS . Par Tre I noe ds ST OS — . / ESE ES 8 . . * "IN, of 8 22 2 . 0 2 n f 8 ls kya: : : * I; Ms . 24 n = - ber AE EI I. FX. ” > 4 . 4 5 . r br TY N "= TIN ; * We. Wh I x GO 2 a = "2, * 5 be h N 8 2 : A FR Fas: AE TELE At” 4a ITS 2 — +, often 2 * ä F "0 6 a * -—F * W CEN : b 3 — x * RE pgs RON” 7 . ; 4 A n 7 D \ — * 7 7 - * - 4 . — — * * : 1 5 L 2 3 2 a Fed We - 7 x . 8 A * * a _—_ * 5 Wa: 7 FAR . Y — = . 4 * * * 5 4 Mw : 5 " 2 — * . $5 3 — wes 9 N -6 * 2 . 5 1 -t s » * LET IS "=" £ - 92 a v5 ; 1 — — 32 w» . a — . 5 gp . nr oe Ts» ; _—_ * * " 2 wr a _ — — — _ — — kl ny * * - - a : wann . 2 3 ey by: 5 3 4 2 4 wh 2 r ww * Ar- —.— ” 1 — ns F Zo _ . - * ” — 4 - vg 167 A LI n be an R . : ; b AE n : * 1 A . n . * — — . - 5 SEE . 0 FP MF EBRD * J * : * LEA : ors I ” 4 — © 82 Lip e — 1 — - —_ _ * * ? 14 ef 6 * 28 N . VN "wy 1 W x g 3 ee 5 2 33 © So ” Cs " 2 4 : — — 4 þ 4 n ee / 1 4 * . I N ov y * 2 1 * + p po 8 1 = 2 e * * : Ms nth P The. f - > 5 3 J 4 3 * - — _ * 4 hs * gt . g „ ju 4 4 2 1 28 2 * > : —_ OE I ES „ * 9 * 0 | 2 Re 5 " Is P * ST. - * . * * * * F e 4 2—5 N wo * 4 \ = Fg - . - . 5 r * * * 2 was deſtroy d and burnt, all che Gold, Silver, and Copper, which flouriſbing City, being melted and mix d together into leveral. lumps? a 1 * WE | VE. 2B 1 Xs ** £9 * 4 * A | Bo I . % 4 ; 8 $24 "a &, che Anciiats eil ssd toiniitatr by in thin” Lind" Corbi TY which the natural Colour of Gold did prevail; for we read that when was in in that were ſo variouſly temper'd, that it made the three forts of Metal, which afterwards were called Corinthian, That, in which Silver prevailed, remain d whit where Gold, it took the yellow ; and the third was that, in which all theſe thige Me- tals were of a pretty equal quantity. TRAINEE TOW ER Oe been fince imitated by Workmen, in many different ways. HirazzTo having diſcours d of thoſe things which are to 1 confiderd TA - provided, before one thinks of Building, „ EE e Foundations, fine the * aac muſt begin. BY | CHAP. VIE. 07 the 9 of the Ground, 1 8 Foundations « are to Te laid. | . HAT we call the Foundation of a Building is properly the Bafe o of i, that is to ſay, that part which is under Ground, and ſupports what ap- pears above. Of all the faults therefore which are committed in Building, thoſe about the Foundations are the moſt prejudicial to it; becauſe they endanger the whole Fabrick, and they can't be rectify d without great difficulty and ex- pence. The Architect therefore ought to be extraordinary nice in the ſetting of the Foundation, ſince in ſome places it is ſolid enough from the nature of the Soil, and in other places it is neceſſary to be made ſo by Art. A NaTuxar Foundation is, when the Soil is rocky, or of a ſoft ſandy Stone, 3 : Gravel; for then without digging, or other helps of art, the earth it ſelf is an excellent Foundation, and capable to bear the greateſt Building both in Land and Water. But if nature affords not a Foundation, it muſt be compaſs'd by Art; and then the place to build upon, is either a ſolid Earth, or Clay, or tis Sand, or ſoft and moift Ground, or marſhy Land. -If the Earth is firm and folid, one may dig ſo far as to a diſcreet Architect may ſcem requiſite for the quality of the Building, and the ſoundneſs of the earth it ſelf. If no Cellars or other under- ground Offices are intended, a ſixth part of the height of the Building may be a ſufficient depth. One may judge of the firmneſs of the Earth by digging of Wells, Ciſterns, and ſuch like. Tis alſo known by Herbs growing upon the place, as if ſuch do uſually grow only in firm and folid Ground; or if a great weight be thrown thereon, it neither reſounds nor ſhakes ; and Gee the report of a Drum, being ſet on the Ground, and if lightly wich d, it does not ſound again; or if Water put in a veſſel does not ſhake. The neighbouring places will alſo help one to know the firmneſs of the Earth. But if the place be ſandy or gravelly, it is to be confider'd whether it be on Land or in Water; becauſe if it be on Land, it will be ſufficient to obſerve what has been already faid concerning ſolid Ground : but if you are to build in Water, the Sand, or Gravel is altoge- ther uſeleſs ; becauſe the Water, by its continual ſtream and flood, changes its Bed. Therefore one muſt dig till a ſolid bottom is found; but if that can't be done, or is judg'd to be difficult, then dig ſomewhat in the Sand or Gravel, and ſo drive Piles whoſe ends may reach to the ſound and good Earth, and upon thoſe 3 | 5 Piles l ; NN CA 4 bk Wh; N W Gy, 8 . r « x * TMX 4.2. p « 8 te Abele of: A: Parianed : A ES. 1 Wu * SAL <7 5 1% 9 101 - $ * N BI l * : * ” en: b AN! b, : 3 o ö . . | n e ö i : * . F 1 1 1 2 > EA \ ; * ; 2 0 ® Fw" , N . p 4 Eat. N I 1 * 2 gk 2 N 8 * LF K "IT" x \ 2 \ ' * 7 1 . \ & 2 1 s © * As TE OS # . ; , \ * . vn 4 k 8 5 F , * 4 re » * e 5 ; i 4 8 8 4, Ya x ** 8 3 COP * 25 * * * : | | + Cab. ies. k 0 os 4 + La g G > 5 2 x Z 2 _—_ . _ r * 4 * 3 1 = g EY 5 In 5 * nn 7 wi „ But if chere is a neceſſity 8 3 — 0 og gee of the Building, | | . i 1 "= hor as Leo Bapiifta | 15 5 4 | 3 it i in fome places fo hard as fearce to be open d wich the | i b proper Tools, nay ſometimes as hard ag Iron, it ſelf: in other places blackiſh, in ſome places whitiſh, which is accounted the weakeſt ; in ſome places like Chalk, in others Sandy. Ot all theſe the beſt is that which is" cut with more difficulty, ox Fling ets ® Gow oes not diflolve into dirt. | . No Foundation ought to be dug on the Water-fide, before one 3 carefully Jed the bottom. If it is marſhy and ſoft, then it ought to be ſtrengthen d wich Piles, whole length e eighth part of the height of the Wall, and | 3 thick by a twelfth part of their length. The Files muſt be drove in as cloſe as poſ e | =—_ © Gible, and ramm d with blows rather quick than heavy ; fo that the Earth may the j | better conſolidate and faſten. Not only the Out-Walls are to be ſupported in that : | manner, but alſo the inner and croſs-Walls ; for if the Foundation for the inward- | Walls differ from thoſe without, then laying the Girders along one by the other, b and the Joyſts croſs upon them, it may happen that the inward Walls ſhall fink, - 3 when at the fame time, the Out-Walls being upon Piles, ſhall pot ot fir : both 8 | them conſequently will crack, and cauſe the ruin of the whole. Therefore the | Expence of the Piles being leſs to be fear'd than the falling of the Building ; the 1 Piles muſt not be ſpar d, but diſtributed according ta the proportion of the Walls, LU thoſe in the middle being plac'd ſomewhat thinner than thoſe without. ö CH AP. VIII Of FOUN DAT IONs. | | HE Foundations ought to be twice as thick as the Walls to be rais'd upon them, ſo that both the quality of the Earth and the greatneſs of the Build- ing are to be regarded, making the Foundation larger in a ſoft and looſe Ground, or where there is a great weight to be ſupported. The plane of the Trench muſt be level, fo that the weight may preſs equally every where; and not inclining more on one {ide than the other, which occaſions the cleaving of the Walls. For this reaſon the Ancients uſed to pave the plane with Tivertine, but we moſt com- monly uſe to lay Planks or Beams to build on. The Foundations ought to be made ſloping, that is to ſay, to diminiſh as they riſe ; but yet in ſuch a manner, that the middle of the Wall above may fall plum th the middle of the loweſt part; which muſt be alſo obſerv d in the diminution of Walls above Ground, be- | cauſe by that means the Building becomes much ſtronger, than by — the 5 diminution any other way. | Som TIMEs to avoid Charges (eſpecially in mooriſh Grounds, where there is a 1 neceſſity to uſe Piles) Foundations are arch d like a Bridge, and the Walls are |: built thoſe Arches. In great Buildings tis very proper to make vents through | 1 the body of the Walls from the Foundations to the Roof, becauſe they let forth the | bs Winds and other Vapours, which are very prejudicial to Buildings; they leſſen : = the On * *. # 7 * . 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I. 8 Fg . e EOS. - OY 8 8 ' I, | 6 0 a ſeveral forts of nul. 232 © g 5 N l 5K Le * 1 IJ o | 1 1 4 % "4% * 5 . HE Foundations a, laid, it remains that we treat of the Elevation of the Walls above ground, The Ancients had fix forts of Walls, one. of . wh ich call'd Reticulata, or Net-work :. another of Yuadrals, or Bricks: the third of Cement, which is a mixture of Flints, or Pebbles and Earth roughly laid with, or without Morter : the fourth made of various Stones, and call d Rufick - the J fifth of ſquar d Stones: the ſixth called Rimpiuta, or Coffer-work, The Mer, ot Chequer-work i is no more in uſe at this time; but becauſe Vitruvius relates that i by 8 was common in his time, I would not omit to give here the deſign of it. Tux Corners of the Building, or Wall, were made of Bricks; and between every two Foot and a half, three courſes of ENS were laid as a * to the whole work. 4 PLATE I. A. Corners of Bricks. | D. Courſes fer of Bricks through the thickneſs of the B. Courſes of Bricks which bind the whole Wall. | C. The Net or Chequer-work. E. The prayer part of the-Wall made of Cement. Bricx-W aus, both thoſe which incloſe a City, ind hols defigned for a great Edifice, muſt be fac'd on both fides with Bricks, and the middle fll'd up with Cement, ramm'd together with Brick-bats: and to every three Foot in height there muſt be three courſes of Bricks of the biggeſt ſort through the whole | breadth of the Wall; the firſt courſe being laid the leſſer part out-fide ; the ſe- cond the length laid Gdo-way ; the third as the firſt; and ſo forth. Of this ſort are the Walls of the Rotunda in Rome, and the Bath of 2 and moſt of all the other ancient Buildings. FF x: E. Courſes of Bricks which bind the whole Wall, F. The middle part of the Wall made of Cement. Tux walls of Cement muſt be order'd in ſuch a manner, that to every two Foot at leaſt, there be three courſes of Bricks diſpos'd as before. The Walls of Turin in Piemont, have been made after that manner, that is of large River- pebbles ſplit in the middle, which, being laid with the ſplit- ſide outwards, make very ſmooth work and agreeable to look upon. Tux Walls of the Arena in Verona are likewiſe of Cement, and to every hive Foot, there are three courſes of Bricks. . In like manner are built many ancient Edifices which I have mention'd in my book of Antiquities. | PLATE III. G. Cement, or Rzver- Pebbles. H. Courſes of Bricks which bind the whole Wall. Tus Walls made of uncertain, or irregular Stones of different ſorts, were call'd Ruftick, by reaſon of the various ſhapes. of the Stones. In the building of theſe Walls they made uſe of a leaden Rule, which being bended according to the place where the Stone was to be laid, ſhew'd how it was to be form'd and ſquar d; b A; * F P = > * hl — A a. ' = * 2 2 \ | * O — * = p . WW 74 * ks Lad De 55 Pro F » Pots; ; 9 A "% 4 WE n 7 2 { 1 1 . * * WWW 8 ws OY 2 * * * n s 9 * a * 3 1 * Gs 2 1 98 * fo Wh, A A " * i N * 9 1 4 - 3 6 18 r Ke Fre ts 8 + 7 * 4 * * M Sa 7 * 7 bo, oe 4 * * L bo ES 3 . n 1% * » . © #4 { that without any more ado, an ackgn'd place. Of this fort may be een the Walk at Prengfe, ad the ancient Streets were paved in Was of Free-ſtones may be ſeen the Piazza and the Temple of — way in two rows © 2 NMI. run . — 2 * ms © $ * A 2 * . + * * "is TO all. 4. x 4 * * *** wy (30 1 " * 0 7 5 3 We * (>) 3 * PLATE VI. o. The bur of the Wall, the Plants being taken | two rows of free Stones four Foot the Space P. The outward-rows of Stones. — The- crofſing-rows. 1 PLATE VII. Tus x, in a word, are all the forms which the Ancients gave to their Walls, the Foot · ſteps whereof are yet to be ſeen; from whence one may eaſily conclude, that Walls of what fort ſoever they be, ought to have ſome chief courſes. of a larger and harder matter than the reſt, to ſerve like Sinews to hold faſt all the o- ther parts together, which chiefly is to be abſerv'd, when Walks are made of Bricks: N of time the Walls ſhould happen or gire more on one ſide than the other, the reſt ruinous: as has happen d in many Walls, eſpecially on that fide that looks to- wards the North. R. Coffer: filled with Stones and Earth, a = &.5 * * 1 ** nn ancient Walls of . Naples, which are made of and fix Foot diſtant the one from the other: theſe two rows of Stones are bound together with other eroſſing - rowa, fo or Coffers, which were . between the: , being four foot ſquare, were fill d up with Stones and Earth. 'Planks' and placing them edge- diſtant one from another, to the thicknek they intended to the Wall ; filling the ſpace between thoſe two'rows of Planks with Cement, Stones of all ſorts, Earth and Mortar mingled to Courſe. o give at Rome in that place, where were formerly be e r 5 and fo they went on from Courſe to ſink, might not become likewiſe »—_ 1 PRE n 5 ry ha — my — — 4 a5 3 4 9” nl — Le * 1 e e _ 2 T: * 4 1 8 * "x 4 . * 1. * * J a "> , 4 a * 6 Y — = % * * * 7 A * 8 4 q 4 - * 5 L 7 "Is; 0 M 5 * "7 1 &% gy — ö 8 | * . . S g . Ape 33 * 4 1 6 * " 5 * * 5 =» f * _— oo | . * 4 of PLAY =P 1 U N * X ** K 5 - . 7 x : "I 6 K 408 1X8 ” TW x 14 i 9 « a W ' \ 11 3 43 — Ts 0 1 * i 8 3x "0 # 'P - £7 : 2 * U * * 2 > Thi ; Fs : 11 * N 1 1 12 1 6 * 1 "A 1 q * ; . $ 4 . vB oy ow 7 po = * . a q 14 n 3 mY 1 1 1 4 4 a » L 5 Fs ; = * 5 Y a. * [ . v 4 ö 5 = TY \ "1 L 1 - 4 » T5 LY \ " Jt * | * 4 rg y z £0 l 7 * - * 10 i J \ 4 * " 0 4 1 25 1 [ . BY 8 4 N 4. 8 A's 1 5 L Y 3 OS, & my . RM? 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Were 0 3 : : * 9 „ Wa W 1 8 1 be Of the Method which the Ancients did pratije in 5 * ; 1 112 . : 5 3 #5 ALA ö © 25 Bona $© * nn & bake Ghanknn Ts or a good part of Marble, or of ſore other great Stones ; I think it very . | proper here to explain what the Ancients did on ſuch occafions, becauſe it is.\to be obſerv'd in their Works, that they were fo nice in the joining of their Stones together, bat: e the ladies e act: wich every one ought carefully to conſider, who, beſides the Branty,' deſires alld the folidity and laſtingneſs of the Work. As far as 1 can. underſtand, they firſt. fquar'd and wrought thoſe ſides of the Stones which' were to be laid one dpd the other, leaving the other ſides rough, fo that the edges of the Stvaee being thicker, men micht more them wich ler danger NOI cr hen: AO ER gr oP, WS & Wy IRE K Io 292 8 3 4 a * 5 x 7 2 l p 4 75 36+ AT, 4 $ . £ N 2 y 3 » "i "8" 1 4 2 2 n A * 10 r e * f \ Woe ” $5, new ; bs oF Be fat face of the ime which Cw GE WAN * | which are between the Modi/:one, and ſucli other like omen of the Owwice, | which could not tonvetiently he wotk'd after the fixing of the Stones, were made before while they lay on the Earth; This may be eafily obſerv'd in ferecal att. cient Kdifizes, where many Stones remain rough and utpoliſh'd, | juſt w they were laid. The Arch neat the old Caſtie iti Nun, and all 6 Buildings there, were done in the ſame manner; as it appears by the very marks of the Tools, which ſhew how the Stones were wrought. The Trajan and An- /onine Columns at Rome were alſo wrought in that manner; otherwiſe they could never have ſo exactly join'd the Stones, as to meet ſo hy croſs the Heads, and other parts of the Figures. The fate 1 Ay of other Arches that are to be hea When they went abvut forts great plete of Bulldinig, as the Arena in Verona, the Amphſthtatre of Pbla, and the like, to fave the exceſſive charge and length of time, which the finiſhing of ſüch Works would have requir d, they wrought on- ly the Ie of the Arches, the Capizets and Cormices ; ory left the reft rafich, having oy regard to the beat) of the whole Fabrick. But in their Temples, or rather ſumptuous Bulldivgs, which requir'd more Curioſity, they ſpar d 1 no pains not coft in the working them; poliſhing and glazing even to the very Channel ling or Flutes of the eee with great exactneſs. Therefore in Hy judgment, Brick- walls ought not to be rſticated, much leſs the Mantles of Chimneys, which require the moſt curious Workmanſhip : for beſides the miſapplying of that ſort of work, it would look as if one had a mind to make a thing, which naturally ought to be entire, appear to be divided and made of ſeveral pieces. But indeed, according to the greatneſs and quality of the Building, it may be made either r- tick, or after a more elegant manner: for what the Ancients did with Neaſor, when they were neceſſitated by the greatneſs .of their Edifices 3 3 we ought not to imitate, when ſmaller Buildings require neatneſs. * CHAP. RES? 1 4 a Na Ca an 12 1 8 . : * 3 8 * 3 8 n . 5 g 3 0 ; l : 8 * 1 — 8 ba ? " | 6 a LO ek , | : 2 ? 1 ; * 2 — e n — DD *y ot %. % IO 25 % A pet A x 3 5 £# 3 * 1 wha" . * 3 * > "© It 1 : — i the ending of he Will "II FOR diminiſh az. they arc; md and.grow higher, That part therefore which u to be one half thinner than the Foundations ; and the e de to the top; „% e weak. The middle of the upmoſt Wall ought to de perpendicular with the taiddle of the nethermoſt,. that the whole Wall becomes of « pyramidal form, But if there & a neeeflity to make one of the two ſuperficies of the Walls plum, it mult be inwardly ; becauſe the Floors; the Vaults, the croſe-Walla, and other rs of the Building, will keep. the. Walls from falling, or giving way, „ be cover d with a F4y/cia or Cornice, in- og Buildi to the whole Fabrick, APs Angles, C in onder to keep them upright and faft together, muſt be made very ſtrong, and held with long and bard Stones a, it were with Arms: wherefore the Windows, and other like openings, ought to be made far from the Angles; ot at leaſt o much cs traſh be. left dae Shack, and the ſaid openings, as is the breadth of any of the Haix s ſpoken hitherto of mere Walk, Sn tvs we head) pal to to thei Ornaments, the greateſt of all which are the 3 A is 0 HA p. XII. ; oF. | he | foe Orders ufed by the Ancients, = Fu: ci a have made uſe of five different Orders call d by them, the Tuſcan, Dorich, Tonich, Corinthian, and Compoſite Orders. Theſe, in a Building ought to be diſpos d in fuch a manner, that the ſtrongeſt be always ſet lowermoſt, as being more capable of bearing the weight, and alſo to give the Building a more fure Foundation: wherefore the Dorick muſt always bear the _ Tonich, the Jonich the Corinthinn, and the Corinthian the Compoſite. Ti Tuſcan is ſo rude and material, that it is ſeldom uſed above ground, unleſs it be for a Ruftick Edifice of one Order only; or in ſome vaſt Building, as Ampbitbeatres and fuch like, which having many Orders one upon the other; this, inſtead of the Dorick, is plac d under the Jonick. But if an Architect has a mind to leave out one of thein, and place (for Example) the Corinthian immediately over the Dorick, it may be done ; provided always, according to the rule aforeſaid, that the more which will be bath an Ornament and a Binding ſolid be the loweſt. I ſhall ſer down the meaſures and proportions of each of _ theſe Orders, not ſo much according to Vitruvius, as to my own Obſervations on the ancient Buildings: But firſt it ſeems neceſſary to explain thoſe things which belong to all the Orders in — 3 ns . eee Fa 2G * % * - / * * * . my N F A „ 3 \ 1 . n — — — — * 7 oy 8 8 8 2 i n l n ns £ 3 GG 2 TI. 4 : 4 . — ES. Wat ot . > n n — — WE 4 SK : » 8 > N * BR a 4 —_— = - 2 n 1 Gi was ANY CS, 0! COTE IO 4 OT n De. 4) ; eat - WWW 8 3 2 n 4 75 SO 2 O 8 K FR % PAT Wh * . < _ = BI RY = by b N a Shes 5 E a; * Io "FV = = —_— - a > = = a __w £ - \ „ 5 * * l wy rY : * n 4 * — 1 * 7 * 8 — 2 = l * „„ IF 8 Cornet or . , 8 N — 2 2 (22S. . : 2 2 jw” þ. 5 © 4 2 > PRO 4% of 2 7 4 92 1 bo * . 2 94 op $88 * A $2 —_ 8 —= a Q " - Y 5 9 a7 * * b * = 5 = Ay; —_—_ * ” CP * FL = - o — ? IF 7 * a _ — A >, 1 * 5 F 8 *. . 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Ko Es „ 5 J Dy . : 4 i F W k g 7 _ 5 * T 2 2+ a 1 4 * * By 2 8 E - 8-4 - Semi SE 0 - e 0 "7 FEA * S A a oY - 1 £ : 2 3 * 5 * . 2%, . op IR ener OW 3 2 — 7 * — 9 ur — - 0 * — $ 4 2 4 23 FC WIE * 3 * 2 2 N N r IJ — * 2 i 2 F 0 54S 2 4 1 * - 7 3 Ac: e A ** . * Is > 2 8 et” 4 2 Y CORE A. * we * ery 5 9 2 49% WS : 7 Y 8 8 8 . as; e | „ S S 4 "£7 v , 2 ? % 2 1 3 0 : — 2 n 2 — 1 4 g d » 0 - #, < f Py * 2 S's As — * * £ 1 4-24 _ 9 2 * * 3 s M Df 4 - * & _ 2 3 a : * p \ „ # SSC ©. © * 4 : 4 * K < * : ; 0 8 % - 4 1 . # 75 7 l Y oo _ SR. "A x . s * 2 * 2 FLY 7 _ 1 4 - \ , 2 — N — 2 Y 5 - A 4 * A . 3 — — * & * AA $7.45 n * . . U * * 59 . pe rs £ P PO , tow: Fea! * 0 r 5 Do din LE a — * : 1 = xt ** 3 2 * * 22 8 * * 1 3 „ . . 5 TI * Ce nx bs EAT PLN 4 2 A n £ * ak * ; * 93 % 5 8 Fa ta PS; W * WET oat 44775 aL 8th * ; 1 Ferey e age K | er, with a little ſwellin 6 As * 7 A 7 . "I; : 753 * 1 * * Se x blume ſer than the of them it much the leſs they muſt diminiſh, becauſe the height "Y 3 22 1 2 "7 6 - 8 g — e 2 2 L ak OO SE IRE 1 % » Ed 3 wp 8 9 2 4 8 * * 15 Aid and Jupport the Arches | hb $19 be obſerv'd, that by how much longer they are, LY 1 þ 3 Ne. Wa © 4 4 85 2, 4 N — * — « * W 5 . * v is, 9 4 a % {a - 7 % 22 N.. 4 Ty $0 : 1 >, . * . LY * 4 a * , Ja N — * 4 n 4 2 kf „ * 1 * 2 * 3 diminiſhing them by the diſtance, * Therefore if the Column * 15 Foot , the Diameter of it, towards its 30%, muſt be divided into 6 "Half parts, to give + * 5 halfs of them to the diameter next to the Cap e ( 2 20, the ſaid diameter cy ſhall be divided into ſeven | muſt be the diameter above. 80 likewiſe in thoſe from 20 to 30 the lowe: meter ought to be divided into 95 parts, and 7 of them "ſhall be the upper . If the Coſuini be | from x5 6 halfs of which | meter: and ſo proportionably for the higheſt,” as Vitruviiss teaches in . 24 Chapter of his 3d Book. But as to the method of making the ſwelling part of promiſe, and there- the Column, we have no more from that Author, but a bare fore many have written as they thought beſt upon that ſubject. 'For my part, I am wont to make the profil of the faid ſwelling in this manner. I divide. the ſoaft of the Column into three equal parts, drawing the lower third part perpen- dicular, at the extremity of which I lay a thin bending Rule, as long as the Co- lumn, or a little more; and bending that part of the Rule, till the end touches at the point of the diminution under the Collarino, or Aragal, I follow the bent of the Rule, and ſo the Column becomes ſomewhat ſwelled in the middle, | and diminiſhes towards the top very handſomely. And altho' J could not con- trive a ſhorter, or eaſier way, or which has a better ſucceſs in practice; yet I was told Peter Cattaneo of it, he was ſo much pleas'd with it, that he has mention'd it in his fine Treatiſe of * the more confirm'd in this method, fince after having chitecture, with which he has not a little illuſtrated our Profeſſion. AB. The third part of the Column which is perpendicular. BC. The two thirds which are gradually diminiſhing. C. The ow under the Collarino or Aſtragal, where the Diminution ends. Tas In 8 that is to ſay, the ſpaces between the Columns, may be made of a diameter and a half of the Column (the diameter being always taken at the lower part of the Column) or of two diameters, of two and a quarter, ſome- times of three, and ſometimes of more. The Ancients notwithſtanding never gave more than three diameters, except in the Tiſcan Order; in which, the Architrave being made of Timber, they kept the Inter- columns very large: but on the other hand, they never made them leſs than a diameter and a half; they allow'd this ſpace, eſpecially when the Columns were to be extremely high. But amongſt ſuch variety of Inter-columns, that of two diameters and a quarter was look d upon as the moſt noble and moſt beautiful of all. * Plate VIII. r upon 5 3 for ng too much vacancy 1 non Calunans, they will loſe a great deal of their Beauty, becauſe too great a quantity of Air between them, diminiſhes conſiderably their thickneſs : and on the contrary, in _ leaving too little ſpace between great Lend the ftreightneſs of the vacancy will make them appear too. thick, and without any grace. Therefore if the ſpaces exceed three di the Colurhisvlght to have in thickneſs the ſeventh | part of their height, as 1 ſhall obſerve hereafter in the Tiſcan Order. But if the | ſpacch-are-to be of three, diameters, the length of the Columns muſt be 7 and a half ar 8, as in the Hertel Order : if 2 and a quarter, the. length of the: Colm muſt be LY FR the Tonick- 215 il 2 only, the Column muſt be 49 - and a half, Ag in the Corinthians. Jaftly, if x::and a half, the Column ſhall. have...x0, diameters, a in the Cm, Upon theſe Orders I have made ſuch Obſervations, that they = ſerve for opt Wn: 5 the Inter. c Co which! Hi en Noa Wenne & "Tk 8 way uilding "the Columby . to. be | an 18 8 8 ſo the middle Inter-column being leſt bigger than the, reſt, the Doors and Entries, which are uſually placed in the middle, may be the better ſeen ; and thus much for. ſingle Pillars, or Collonades.. But if Galleries are to. be made with Arches and > Arches muſt be diſpos d in ſuch a manner, that the Piloſters or. Peers. between the Arches, be no Teb than a third part of the yacancy between two Pi- laſters , and thoſe at the corner muſt be two thirds of the faid yacancy, that the A of the Building may be ſo much the firmer and ſtronger. And when they are to ſupport an extraordinary weight, as in ver lar be the half of the vacancy, which may be ſeen i in the Arch of Vicenza, and in L a APIS bf Gar: 2 elle o th brit a Gentleman of that Cy, The 2 OS 3 ſometimes as large as the whole ſpace, as in the Theatre of Verona, in that part which is not on the Hill. But in private Buildings, they are not to be made leſs than a third of the ſpace, nor larger than two thirds; and altho they ought to be. ſquare, yet to fave charge, and to make mow wom de walk by, they may be made Jef in the Flank than in the Front: and to inrich the fame, Half-Columns, or Pilaſters, may. be put in the middle, to bear the great Cornice above the Arches; which Half- Columns, or Pilaſters, muſt be as large as their height requires, according to their ſeveral Orders, as it will appear in the enſuing Chapters and Deſigns, For under- ſtanding of theſe (that I may not repeat the ſame thing over and over) it muſt be obſerv'd, that in dividing and meaſuring the ſaid Orders, I did not think fit to make uſe of any determinate meaſure peculiar to any particular City, as a fatbom, foot, ſpan, or the like, ene that meaſures are as various as the Cities and Countries themſelves: but in imitation of Vitruvius, who divides the Dorick Or- der with a meaſure taken from the diameter of the Column, common to all (and by him called a Module) my meaſure in all the Orders ſhall be the diameter of the Column taken at the baſe, and divided into 60 parts, or minutes; except in the Dorick, in which the module is to be the half diameter of the Column, and is | divided into 30 parts, becauſe it fo falls more commodious in the diviſions of that Order. Therefore every one may divide the module into as many, or as few parts as may be thought moſt convenient, 9 to the bigneſs, or ſmallneſs of a Vor. I | F Building; A C4 1.4 . 6 a 7 o n nl ts A A 2 — rr e Fabrick, chen they muſt rds, , ax thoſe, of the Theatre of Mar- * 1 x 4 * "SN 2 . — - 1 9 8 ——é—0 — — 9 tes > K — . — — * — — 1 3 5 ; - kT \ % 1 . * — „ W £ os « e . f SEA 4s 2 Bn 413d x) 7 4 L "PIP wa + kit * * 1 4 « r - "FY Lg 4 = * 1 * . o ry . 5 7 * x * * a \E n * * F mn E ee i hae by cit Wo „ IR * — 8 Fs ry Fits. 17 - IN N Ar 7-5 $65. | . 4 | f 8 Ce, wh 7 LET 825 | 25 23 =, a> wk SAS * 8 - ”$ 2 * 5 ; 3 5 0 ©. > y 4 4 2 : "2 * wi I-34 £3 11. b 1 2 * OY wad * a. # ac] A 8 gs 3 F 5 1 % * 8 4 4 ; +43 q * * , * { 54 EW s 7 N 1 1 boy | *. [ L . f 1 ; "RE . N a 4 N 3 E 2 £8 29 $$ 5 2 a 5 * | 0 . We. 4 . = 4 : 1s «i I » L 8 4 3 8 Fr 2 1 * © * * # , : - n Le o 7 * 1 5 : Ro 2 . 5 7 * 2 rn oy Ok TG $ . ** . : * ; + . 4 * * * * ws - 4 7 7 A > x F xx » ; * * n 1 » OS wa Fe, u de plaineſt und — of all the Orders of oY tecture; becauſe it retains more of the ancient ſimplicity of the:\ firſt Architect, who had not yet invented thoſe Ornaments that render the other Orders fo plea- ſant and ſo worthy of confideration. This . ee ode. Ty ny, a Country very remarkable in 7zaly, where it full Its s. Tus Column with its Ba/e and Capital ought to be in length "IN Modules, | and the top diminiſh'd by a fourth part of its bigneſs. - Tf one is to make a row '_ of Columns of this Order only, the Inzer-colurmns may be kept very large, becauſe the Architraves are commonly made of Timber ; and for that reaſon, this Order will be very convenient for a Country- building, for the going in and out of Carts, and other Country 1 beſides that the 7 will de 5 e argon A. Architrave of Timber. N den de EIA 8 e B. The ends of the Traves, or 15 which mole the — e + Bor if one would make Gates, or Galleries with * es the add, which I have mark'd in the deſign, muſt be ſtrictly obſerv d, wherein the Stones are ſo diſpos'd and join'd together, as I think they ought to be, when the whole work is to be made of Stone. The ſame obſervation I have made for the four fol- | lowing orders; and this way of diſpoſing and faſtening the Stones, 1 have from many ancient Arches, as will appear in wy book of Mb, wherein I have g ufed the utmoſt care and dil nee. ** Tyr Pedeftals to be made under the Column of. this Order, maſt 8 1 module in height, and be made plain. The Bas is to be in height the half di- meter of the Column; and this height is to be divided into two equal parts, whereof one is given to the Orlo or Plinib, which muſt be made G4; or /quare according to ſome. The other is divided into four parts; one for the LiffeHa, or Cinfure, which ſometimes may be made a little leſs. In this Order. only, it makes a part of the Baſis, for in all the others, it is join d with the ſhaft of the Column. The other three parts are for the Trum. The projecture of this ba/is is a ſixth part of a nodule, or of the diameter of the Column. The Capizel is likewiſe the height of half the diameter of the Column below, and is divided into two or three equal parts: one is given to the Abacus, which from its form, is com- ny monly call'd Dads, or Dye ; ; the other to the Ovolo, and the third is ſubdivided "a | into ſeven parts. Of one is made the Lzfella under the Ovolo, and the other fix x 48 remain for the Collarino, or the Neck of the Column. The Alragal is double By the height of the Zifella under the Ovolo, and its center is made upon the line 1 which falls plum from the ſaid Liſtella, the projecture of which falls perpendi- Wit ö b cularly upon the Liſtella or Cincture, below the Aftragal, which is as thick as the = other. The projecture of the Capitel anſwers to the body of the Column below. | Its Architrave is made of wood, ſquare every way, and its breadth is not to exceed 1 Plate IX. + Pu X. ** Plate Xl. 1 = * . = W N * , a W 9 ö N * * * on FRE: N . OE 1 F . * ay N , # OY ns * 1 75 . Bak .. 4 LO . 4 | oa q * 1 8 a4 | 4 * * = . Y 5 o 4 4 5 w 4 7 1 8 WA Wi. _ 2 22 2 S 5 on 4 "RX * . 9 * * * * * a vid "Wa J , 3 J 7 — i * * A N r 5 e 7 f n. 2 * . "Ca 1 * ; » 5 : 5 i AAAS A = yo 0 ] > 5 > » 2 * * 8 \ 2 N- * mn N oy 1 4 OT x * n 4 j 5 0, * * * 3 * hi SS * D ONS n a r „ ; — - . , 2 4 i * wa n bag <0 F \ 4 3 4 "PS, Ada e 16 Y * W & * , * i W a * & * * 4 . * . N d N 8 4 - 7 922 U 1 N J 8 2 Wer | K + enn 4 " e LY "2 $6 53% 4 * « P ; 4 * i 9 „ 9 o x / the body of | * © : ZH . 2 2 * 8 og * F. Architrave. "cn Cimaſtum. I. Cima rea. I. Aftr * Wer N . F * * - 0 * - - \ . 2 5 * * . 2 _ 3 be F 2 IX 5 1 8 1 * 8 ET * 1 * 8 1 * 72 as "Orb. or Plineh, Kd L. a are e, in hie ae ay py 6; ly t according to thy bes in part the ſame meaſures, as in the Arena of Verona, and the Areng and Thea- tre of Pola and many others, of which I have drawn Lg ry Capitels, Architraves, Friſes, and Gormices, which are in MM. Body of the Column toward: the N. Body of the Column, toward: the O. Annulet, Liftella, or Cincture. P. Terus, or Tore, in the form of a ; Gima reverſs . Orlo, or Plinth, On the right hand of the profil'd Archirrave, of another more curiouſly done. * Plate XII, — 4 * a — + 4 6 = 9 ” » : - * A - ay . . W we o RA 8 m £36 Y pter, 23 thoſe of the mpoftr of the Vaults and Arches; of Collarino, or Hyporrachilum, or Frize of the. >... 1 — L Y 4 % * 1 I * A : x 108 n * . 7 4 3 ; ” Ki 3 * 5 * 8 * i 7 | * * nay or ' 2 * 9 . $ * © \ % 4 5 F * * * : * * x * 0 3 4 . ; - © OE IS al xy Þ 4 * 1 * * 5 * 4 : F | 4 ! a oe 4 . w 1 8 N o * * * * "y * 4 . 1 x 8 7 * : 5 * 1 + 5 8 & R 4 * ky : . 1 Fn F, * * : * * x* * 8 + I 3 * . g * 7 4 + 2 x A, Wnt x bs A » + . * 0 * on - * 2 ” . 2 N + wm 5 z « * a 8 % S 82 3 * * 5 - . * % Ss * * + % = * " 4 « 8 of LY * 1 = * 8 — * * " * 4 , : > 4 ; 723 at the top. The Traves, br Joyſts, which bear the Eaves, a fourth part of the length of the Column. Theſe are the meaſures of the ancient Buildings, ule they retain the N mark'd F, I have given the Prof! — * 1 " Kar — 4 ee e * r r e Kor * e are a * ra er — mah 7 2 bak go + ”—_ 5 — * . EIN ; R , 7 Rn Wow 1 e r r n * TY R Pa.” ag * 1 1 x 2 A e „%% ] ͤ—ͤQ ll ⅛ ͤ—ͤʃANRfffßk᷑˙» . , , ͤ ꝶů—¹ n ĩł¾ f 6 S/N - rere n EET. PFF | d "x MYA. K F +4, N T 7 Ds N „ FI Wy. * ** 8 22 2 * 4 . S 3 PAY HY b i > . * bs by. Y a * FIQ 2 IT, 14; ) 2 Lt * Wa) r S 1 7 _ % g : a 6 WO \ a &; Oc * N v bod . Were re * x ns STE WAY > ol)" Oey, RO \ N 0 n * * e * = x . L. 3 N * 5 { 2 . ' MFI; Wo Wy ; Yo 5 LIP \ 85 At >.» Ae * g 0 e 8 Mo q r ; * | Mg * ö 8 oo IN e bx 1 * 12 — * F. l ** 5 K we” 3 N n . 3 "it ee OY £ Ma , n 1 0 y i RR EN * + 259 9 * Ea * 1 . „ e 3 * „ n We a * * * 3 r r . N 7 * 8 a, "= e „ . = ts ] * 3 4 , a 1 N - . 5 na „ oy p NS * 2 8 & 98 II N. 1 7 N "IP x . > 2 3 8 Y 7 . is 4 — 8 * 3 : K. CY xo * . 2 N 1 ; yy N . -= „ 5 4 Ne 928 W Fo | \ lors : 2X | 4% 8 3 . . AY <6 4 0 ? S207 nd” * * 8 F * q & 4 * * 5 D As * en 12 * £ * ; 2 a « Pay N y . 4 4 n by 4 WL : as 9 . £57 Ihe. 2 3 8 TIT 8 bs, * ee 2 5 $ 5 , k 1 d "7 - * 7 i es = oF f 4 \ mY Yb ON, * - x : r I wt, 3 a, 8 4 5 8 v Kd 7 y If; vo ITY L x 4 . 5 975 1 12 2h f of \ 0 3 ? * yrs b g 5 , 2 5 3 n 1 i with % "TR. 4s N * by | Fo $35 . p \ 4 J 25 $23. f i 72 10 ? P 1 0 * 4 k : 7 * * 7" N. . , E » 3 * - 7 1 5 x\ 3 Vo * p A * 6 8 4 , Mr 9 p * 5 5 4 — -» | * wy ww » DIS 1 7 \ : $ f Bars £7 off 8 R '% o 6 1 8 2 N 1.4 W * 4 . USER 8 * . 4 * ; IK 4 £'$ £V * 111 7 1 * n 2 N I » of 7 * 4+ '2 - nf * * x a; Fer 2” 4 * * FEY % . 1 35+ PAIGE ALS: , 2 00 IP TEN OT = 9 — 5 2 4 8 Pp p per — 8 5 & * \ * - % | | e, d . 10 ' % 5 3 1 fu: 1 ; "% * 3 „ 8 We RE 9] OR 92388 1 ie (vie 2, oth 20 1 ee me ho. "x2 Aas 1 n 0 H A P. AN ye 55 Wert es e 5 5 = v3 = RY * RS 8 . 0 the Donic Orden. 10 e e * 4 % SOT ig | 10 he oh, i” ICP * e A * * . "Palladia's ene \H E Dorich * Order was 3 by a Dorians' 2 and amed' fr 3 into * being a Grecian People, which dwelt” in ld. FI theſe dumm | and eld after- made alone without Pilaſters, they ought to be ſeven and'a half, 'or ehr diaine- _ from Jon their Gene- ters high, The Intercolumns are to be little Tefs than "three diameters of the Co- _ mal. They imitated = the Temps which lumns : and this manner of ſpacing the Columns, /is is (by Vitro * 3 they ſaw among the Diaſty los. a N Dorians, and r 3 are e Join'd + to o Pilaſters, they! wü be at With the Baſe and Copitel, ſeventeen moduler and one third high: "that i is, eight diameter and 35 parts: for it muſt be obſerv'd, that (as T have faid before in the x3th Chapter). the module in this Order, is the half of the diameter of the Column, divided 77 into thirty parts; tho in all the other Orders, it is the whole diameter re 7 | into 60 parts. . „Auen the Ancients there was no Pldeſta 0 this Order, tho the” dern Architects have adapted one to it. Therefore if one has a mind to frat a Pedeflal, the Dado, or Dye of it, muſt be a perfect "ſhuare, and from its mea- ſure thoſe of its Ornaments ſhall be taken: in otdet to this, the Dye is to be di , vided into three equal parts; the 3afis, with its ſoclet or plinth, ſhall take two of them, and the Cimaſium one; to which the Orlo, or plinth of the bafs of the Column muſt be Join 'd. This kind of Pedeſta! may be ſeen in the Corinthian Order, as at Verona in the Arch call'd the Arch de Lioni. I have ſet down here ſeveral manners of Profils, which may be fitted to the Pedefals of this Order, which are all very agreeable, taken from ancient pieces, and very carefully mea- ſur'd. This Order has no proper 4afis : wherefore in many Buildings, its Co- 4 =. lumns are without a 4afis, as in the Theatre of Marcellus in Rome, in the Temple de la Pieta near the ſaid Theatre; in the Theatre of Vicenza, and in divers o- ther places. But ſometimes the Atticl bafis'is join d to it, which is a great orna- ment to the Order, the proportion whereof is as follows. The height is the half diameter of the Column, and is divided into three equal parts: one is for the Zocco or plinth : The other two are ſubdivided: into four parts, of one is made the Torus ſuperior : the three remaining are again ſubdivided into two, one for the Torus inferior, and the other for the Scotia or Cavetto, with its An- nulets, or Liſtellas; which have alſo their peculiar meaſures: for in dividing the whole into ſix parts, the two Annulets, or Liftellas take each of them one, and . 2 the four remaining are for the Scoria. The whole projecture of the bafis muſt be | the ſixth part of the diameter of the Column; the Cinfure is as broad as half \ of the Torus ſuperior : if it be divided from the baſis, its projecrure muſt be the TY | third part of the whole projefure of the baſis. But if the bafis and a part of the F Column muſt be of a piece, the Cincture muſt be ſmaller ; as it may be ſeen in 5 ] | the third deſign of this Order, where I have alſo drawn two manners of pts 1 for Arches. 1 8 A. The Body of the Column. 4 | B. Annulet, or Cincture or Liftella. [_— . i 1 : | Plate XIII. + Plate XIV. ** Plate XV. . q = 4 * o d gs: 1 = | ap. 5 48 | F the Don 10 K Order: SN 5 5 ee, or Scotia with fes Annu 80 or Lifter. 8 ak 5 H. Da, wo or 09 2 Bafts, * «+ Ns 1 7 of « * 2 . r Wen LOR lumn, which being divided into three principal parts, the firſt above is ſubdi- _ vided into five, three are for the Abacus; and the other two for the Cimaſrum ; which being again ſubdivided into three, the Lifella takes one, and the Cima recta the other two. The ſecond principal part is divided into three, one of which is given to the three Amulett, or Liftellas, that are equal; the other two are for the Ovolo, whoſe projetfure is two thirds of its height. The third and laſt principal part, is for the Frize of the Capital, call d Cuilarino, or Gorgerin, or Caller. The whole projetture of the Capitel is the fifth part of the diameter of the Column. The Aftragal i is of the ſame height with the three Filers, or Annulets ; and is equal in its projeFure with the loweſt part of the Column, The Amulet is only half the height of the —_— "NT its | projetfure | is Plum with the Center of it. Taz Arebitrave is placed upon the Capitel, and is to be in height a radu, or half che diameter of the Column. Tis divided into ſeven parts, one of which makes the Tenia, whoſe projefturt is equal to its height. The whole is again divided into 6 parts, one whereof is given to the Gutræ, and the Lifel, under the Tenia. The Guttz are fix in number, and the height of the Liſtel is a third of che faid Gurtze, The whole, from the Tenia downwards, is again divided into ſeven parts, of which the firſt faſcia takes three, and the ſecond four. Tus Frize is in height a module and a half. The breadth of the Trigliph is one module: and its Capite} takes up the fixth part of a module. The Trigliph. is divided into fix parts, two whereof are given to the two Chane/s in the middle, and one to the two half Chanels at the extremities : the other three tnake the ſpaces between the ſaid Chanels, The Meropa, that is to ſay, the ſpace between two Trigliphs, ought to be perfeRly ſquare. The height of the Cornice is a module and a fixth, and is divided into five parts and a half: of which two are for the Caverto, with its Liſtel, and the Ovolo. The Caverto is leſs than the Ovolo, by as much as its Liſtel. The other three and a half are allow'd for the Corona, or Cornice, and to the two Cimas, the reverſa and the reffa. The Corona ought to project two thirds of a module, and to have on its plain underneath fix Guttæ in length, and three in breadth with their Liſtelt over the Trigliphs, and fome Roſes, or other Ornaments, over the Mezopa. The Gutte are round, and in the ſhape of little Belli: thoſe under the Corona muſt anſwer to thoſe under the Tenia. The Cimaſium ought to be an eighth part larger than the Corona, and is divided into eight parts, two where- of are given to the Li/el, and'the other fix to the Cimai/e, ie projefture is ſeven parts and a half. 80 that, at this rate, the Archirrave, the Prize and Cor- nice, riſe to the height of the fourth part of the Column : and theſe are the propor- tions of the Cornice according to Vitruvius, from whom I have a little receded, by altering ſome Members of 1 it, and MY the whole ſomewhat larger: A. Cima Vor. I. G * Plate XVI. | C5 2 4 is — „ ; 2 — TOI WE > * ** 3— — — d „ re Nr . e Ya bf 515 TE _ 8.7 7 6 CD, TP RC „ Ate Doe i AM EE ORE „ ee e ß e i.e Sx hid. EG VU ES tt . i Io A ME i. LE IT: oh r rennen . . W een 7 * IJ wore Hens . 6 £522 hy 4 * * 9 by CER = os 9 ob BONN 555 9 Ka us IS * A 3 Tn vt N en 3 . WISER e n n 7 7 8 ; 8 * ; 2 W LN 8 is KN 9 5 re © . N. N N fy 7939 be . * 9 Ne ; , * . n * E ot Oy.” No Tn it” Sy Th GEE 8 r "OT e d 1 * Ki 9 * N a 3 wh, n 8 5 x s "> 4 s * Is N A 8 > 8 N 2 by 4 ; 4 05 5 Wl, : 4 . 215 6 . > , be: * s if . 4 I * 8 N - . 4 4 4 7 . . W > Ks ” iy \ 2 RY * 75 2 1 = 4 F * £ * 7 7 Rv * * N n - . . 82 Li * LE n . 1 — N Le . = 4s "A 0 7 8 35 * 2 N n bs * 2 4 7 2 3 ; by - 4 , 4 a * N — 5 7 a W a 1 1 * * 4 the 7 f 4% 8 . % ; * 1 N PE. N. ® = \ N x 97 T + 5 2 3 N F "A * | 8 A 5 x * 6 — W OY 3 „ 4 * TR —_ * . ORE ON I HU ent. = KY Bt 5 þ 8 vg „ by by , 25 * DV \ 8 Py” a 2 , 5 3 1 * Y 7 Ho 8 ; £ of . > W 8 3 , OM * ek pl 13 IF * Þ a0) > Wie ; Kore. > 7 8 — 0 N day ot | , IT ac 1 - i 5 ; . $ 4s .'af 8 : KO | ; g * 5 28 ; "4 * * x; ER 4 7 * ' \ 5 1 3 IN > * B. . x * 5 7 * * : * 8 þ 3 WEN nf Os , WENT . . A * N : "= id 7 5 5 2 g * * 6 I o by * * . n | * \ 9 | 0 1 * 5 ; : — ; 22 9 Wo : 8 a 5 1 oy 4 5 ” ." RM _ 3 * WJ * 82 N. + „ i 2 4 , j 1 \ - $ * A C na rect = - | f 1 N |; 1 1 ry , OA n F Wo 1 | n War 88 + wag C. 5 ; & %. 5% 4&3 4,.% 7 ö \ f I * Corona. a "QI „ 7 i * * * Ll * 5 - N - * * - 0. f ; bs / 5 : * Detto. pi ＋ rig ip 88 a K » + EC | G. Trigliph. | * 1 er 8 ' 1 * b 8 F? N 5 8 >. 8 # 5 1 8 Is. % 2 8 8 l N n 8 t : a> 3 "7 * 8 fs Arp N Wa 88 ; | 7 7 * , . : 1.8 N 5 pe 3 F 3 ; 8 | * Heß Foſeth FF ve office, On ; : vn 45 3 0 : 3 N ms FS. 1 3* OCT 1 _ SY GE is \ . " T7 Hir: os "SSIS EET » 5 | 4 7 F M. Second oo CANT wer tk A ; 8 A . « # ARE + N * ws %. 1 FS > me th > TO, . 8 3 | a * 1 : 3 © - : Se Ls 1. * * 4 2 ; N * : . 3 = " — 2 . — . — 2 * 11 3 =: wn n — i. 3 thee " » : 1 2 * 3 „ „ mh 13-7 nn Dre, N . cv T3 + * 4 J 5 K _ 0 to IS ; S E * — e 7 . = ES Ne TC i» * 2 7 * K e 3 * * * % . 1 * #5 Lg 9 * * z * FY * \ * 1 * 8 +». * > 5 4 > 2 — & p 70 ** . A r ; TER AC 1 I E * Tonich E had its Original i in 8 a al 2 read that the famays Temple. f Diane at Epheſus was built of that. Or- der. The Column with its Capital and Baſe, is nine modules high: and by a medule is underſtood, as we. have ſaid before, the diameter of the Column low. The Architrave, Frixe, or Curnice, have the fifth. part of the height. of 6 the Column. When the Columns are ſingle, the Inter-columns are, of two. s- meters and a fourth part, and this is the coſt beautiful and commodiou of all Inter-calumns,. which Vitruvius, calls Eur. n 5 +18 the Arches,: the. filafters are in breadth a third 95 X th 2 two of them; and the hid ought, to be in i ſpace. * ED . Ir chere 5 is to ny given, a os” fal to 85 _ of the Tenich ES F as in any deſign of Arches, it muſt be made as high, as half the breadth of the open ing of the Arch: and having divided it into 7 parts and a half, two of them | ſhall make the Baſe and one the Cimaſium ; the other four and a half demie g | ſhall be for the Dado, or Square of the Pedeſtal, _ 5 5 Taz Baſe of this Order is half a module high, and is e into 8 parts + : one is for the Orlo, or Plinth ; whoſe projefure is the fourth part of its height, and conſequently the eighth part of a module the two other parts of the Baſe vided again into two parts, one given, to the Scotia, or Cavetto above, and the other to that below, which ought to have more projecturs than the other. The is the third part of the Torus of the Baſe ; but if the baſe be made a part of the the Dorick Order; and the Cincture has half of the Prujecture already men- tioned. Theſe are the meaſures of the [onick baſe, according to Hitruvius. | Bur becauſe the rich baſe is put to this Order in many ancient Buildings, * Plate XVII. + Plate XVIII. **. Nute XIX. x ; * 2 8 83 — * 84 4 ö | | „ EXE IIS ORE. OR I. ME + = Þ th 10 'N 10 Orad 3 — 1 f o O 2 290 3 51 13 1 C * * \ 1 are ſubdivided into ſeven; ; of three is made the Torus; the other ſour are di- Aftrag al muſt have the eighth part of the Scotia. The Cincſure of the Column, Column, the ſaid Cincture may be made ſmaller, as I have already. obſery d i in and that it ſeems to me more agreeable upon a Pedeſtal, T have drawn the Arti 1 Chap. 2 o FR 10 10 0 Aſh with a Fre Ifragal under the 9 not omitting, at the fame, time, to give the Deſign as Yierwvius teaches us. | Tux Deſigns mark d L. are two different profil to make the In poſts of Arches; and upon each of them the meaſures are ſet down by numbers Which ſignify the minutes, or parts of a module, as I have done in all other Deſigns. Theſe Impoſts are in height r which ſupports the Arch. A. Part of the Budy of the Column": Þ E its 3 or 2 which. are e, 1 the 'S The upper e. 2 . b ah & Mes. {1 * F. The Plinth fafened to 48 f bs Le. y G. Cimaſium in two forms, * | 0 H. D or Dye, or Square, & of the pedeſtal. FE : K. Oro, or Plinth of the baſe. OY 5 2 1 Impoſts of the Arches. | ns ES 5 * In order to make the Capitel, the foot of the Goldman muſt de divided into {| the * of the 2 — 18 parts, and 19 of ſuch parts will be the length and breadth of the Abacus, the half of which is givet to: Link height of the Capitel with its Volutas, whereby it 'oothes fo be 9 part and r high." One and a half is for the Abacus with its Coma a; the ocher demain to the Vvluru, Which id made in the fol- g ma ©” — "of che Cimaſium, one of the nineteen inner. From parts being taken within, from the point where that nineteenth part ends, a line ch divilies che Poluts by the middle, and is call'd the Ca- theia. Where tlie point falls upon this line, which ſeparates the four parts and is let fall a half above, with the three and a half below, there is made the G of the Eye of the Vvlula, whoſe diameter is one of the eight parts of its height; and from the ſaid point a line is drawn, which inter ſetting at right Angles the Ca- theta, divides the Voluta into four parts. Next in the Eye of this Voluta a ſquare is form d, the bigneſs whereof is the half diameter of the ſaid Eye: and two diagonal lines being drawn in it, upon them are mark'd thirteen points (com- puting the Center of the Eye) which are as many Centers whereon the fixed foot of the Compaſs is to ſtand to make the Voluta; and as to the order which mult be obſery'd in them, it appears by the 3 mark'd in the Deſign. The Afragal of the Column is right againſt the Eye of the Voluta. The Vo- lutas are as thick in the middle, as is the projecture of the Ovolo, which reaches beyond the Abacus, ſo much as does the Eye of the Voluta. The hollow, or Chanel of the Voluta is even with the body of the Column. The Aftragal of the Column turns about under the Voluta, and is always viſible, as it appears by the Plan: for tis natural that fo ſlender a thing as the Voluta is feign d to be, ſhould give way to another ſtronger, as the Afragal is, from which it is always equally diftant. Ix the Angles of Collonades, or rows of Columns, and Porricm of the Tonick Order, Capitels are made with their Volutas, not only in the front, but alſo on that part which, making the Capitel as uſual, would have been the Flank ; where- upon they come to have the front on two fides, and are called Angular-Capirels. | | How * Plate XX.. | | ” * * N 5 . * ID) M 0 k * %Y + * iy — , Ys OG l < ” REM cn. , a WE . S> FT. LAT REES — * 8 A aaa « . * 3 * - "> A IS I ne I Cy F * 1 1 - Pr. * 8 "Ie : N 0 W ” er 4 af - . Fa . 7 Nr — PEEP : — 1 8 — 4 + Sas, — F. The Capitel of the Digi! 885 44 . Zia Fer Thibbre of all Inter-calumns, which Fitruvius —— Euftylos.... - _—* 4 TEFTSTS) * 1 wb 1 e ** wh of - ** FRIES I vo. ur PAT * 1 13 1 n , N SI = 3 n 5 25 r * 2 Nn * v 8 8 5 = Al hn ITN 22 Ne IB 8 0 7 ' \ n 3 CRE bs « x "ep > p b 9 mA >» 8 "* 1 „ Wen oF * 0 * > $6 WA A ++ wo ” 1 2. * 208 £ 6 k " dh 1 h py FED 2 ; Py 2 5 1 = D ; £ I e "me l . | 1 1 Ii 4 7 r P43. 4 > 6 5 My *% * +» — $5? #224 * 8 ns I ”_ 12 S Th. 2 ; e : * . 8 rh N VN \ * , N : * | oy” n 8 n d 17 87 F . "FF * $4 * D : b. Y 2 7h 1 SN | . » jd r N Nan * 5 . . . i 1 209 : ; 8 * >; N 5 e . a Ys * 3 * n N x 3 7 * : * "TA Þ 7% 3 wy I l 50 ; e 3 » fe, 8 — 2 n tn. : IRE , . * e «: J % * 8 ; 2 N 5 1 NOIR : . | EO * K 15 \ 6 2 % 3 I \ 3 , 5 7 12 LANG 2 5 ee 1 4 _ ? | * * 6.3% Ws ; eb > . 8 *. a 8 Mn | *% 4 4 * P $7 a- 2 2 . pigs 1 * * WY | 1 * * Y . - * — : = 18 0 W 0e A. Cina rea. 3/4. = pl 1 CR vaſs 3 B. Cima rever/a. e 1 C D. Ovolo. E. Cavetto. e 8 . 4 Bn G. \ Trigli 2 ö : V. Body of the Column. 2 Dn bo 8 * . 1 1 % a * | p k 1 Pen BEN 3 35 7 — . $:: =: ol. 5 A. 3 . 0 1 | 1 2 % 4 'S 12 1 5 7 * 25 Sn * 4 4 K. Gutte. | FY walk . " my 7 L. Pf Ein... . a Second Fuſcia. | 3 N. Cimaſſum. 5 f 4 Y : N a a * 1 A 5 * , ., LJ : ' Kal % £ * * A 3.34 ; #4 : \ 5 7 e F - : : * WE 8 . 6 8 4 A's" © IP "T3 „5 FS * * * * - * * | | Of 5 Or 4 1 3073 19 = . 0 * I c K Dr dr. 5 8 *. 0 thing wins open bor aan : ; — 2 CY * , EN - \ 4 14 * : - : +3 4 * HE * Tonich Order 225 it Original 5 in — a He We of az 8 read that the famqys Temple of. Diana at Epleſus was built of thas 'Or- der. The Column with its Capital and Baſe, is nine modules high: and by a, module is underſtood, as we have aid before, the diameter of the Column low. The Architrave, Frize, or Curnice, have the fifth part of the beigbt of the Column. When the Columns are fin gle, the Inter-columns are of two. dia- meters and a fourth part, and this is the moſt beautiful and. nmodi — TI the Arcbec, the pilafters are in breadth a third part. -, 8 1 os ont two of them; and the Arch ought. to be. in height the double of the, l N f 0 * Ip; pi hog 1s to by wk given, A 1 to the — of the: Tenick 3 00 in any deſign of Arches, it muſt be made as high, as half the breadth of the open ing of the Arch: and having divided it into 7 parts and a half, two of them ſhall make the Baſe and one the Cimaſſum; the other four and a half mes ſhall be for the Dado, or Square of the Pedeſtal, _ Tus Baſe of this Order is half a module high, and is divided into 8 n: one is for the Orlo, or Plinth z whoſe projecture is the fourth part of its height, and conſequently the eighth part of a module: the two other parts of the Baſe are ſubdivided into ſeven; of three is made the Torus ; the other | four are Ai vided again into two parts, one given to the Scotia, or . Cavetto above, and the other to that below, which ought to have more fraiest than the other. The Aftragal muſt have the eighth part of the Scotia. The Ciucture ol the Calum, is the third part of the Torus of the Baſe ; but if the baſe be made a part of the Column, the ſaid Cincture may be made ſmaller, as I have already obſery'd- in the Dorick Order; and the Cincture has half of the 2 already men- tioned. Theſe are the meaſures of the Ionicl baſe, according, to Fitruvius. Bur becauſe the ich baſe is put to this Order in many ancient Buildings, and that it ſeems t to me more agreeable upon a 2 I have drawn the Aick baſe * Plate XVII. + Plate XVIII. „ Plate XIX. EE. 2 . hs, SIE + rata =, = *— LEES Chap. IP o * EY rex C wo 19 * N ae eee u the eme time, to the Deſign as V itruvius teaches us. Ren L are two different profils to make the 1. poſts o Arches; and upon each of them the meaſures are ſet down by numbers which ſignif/ the minutes, or parts of a module, as I have done in all other Deſigns. Theſe Impoſts are in height R as nay he pier 1 | » A. Part of the Body of the Column,” * * 4 * * * 1 'F - * 15 : 0 1 . . f LA . PET? © "#1 . MEL $0 ; 55 12115 BN 4 3 ny = | f, * > ah DT RE 6 , 1 * — : 1 £ 5 5% * * 5 x * : oz 3 o 4 8 . 1 0 4 * £ d i N by 7 Ny, 7 J : * 4 2 7 > < * 5 T C wr WOE : "MEE 2 S V2 . FRO. 4 5 9 4 - . . 0 7 N | | = „ 53 D. Covetto, TTT o od 10 | f 8 N | a ö . F 2 1 6 1 — 4 „ ys F. The Plinth faſtened to the deter of the pate. OE G. Cimaſium in two forms, P H. Dado, or Dye, or Square, C of the pedeſtal. $336 e I. Baſe in two forms, | DOR K. Orla, or Plinth of the baſe. 5 „ ee Fm L. Impoſts of the Arches. e * In order to make the Capitel, the foot of the Goldnn muſt be divided into 18 parts, and 19 of fuch parts will be the length and breadth of the Abacus, the half of which is given to 1 height of the Cupitel with its Voluras, whereby 00 91 High. One and a half is for the Abacus with mafium ; ds other! ght remain to the Voluta; which : {Is made in the fol- lowing' manner. From the extremity” of the Cimaſtum, one of "the nineteen parts being taken within, from the point where that nineteenth part ends, a line ek pl, "which! divides the Poluta'by the middle, and is call d the Ca- Where the point falls upon: this line, which ſeparates the four parts and a "+ above, with the three and a half below, there is made the Center of the Eye of the Volata, whoſe diameter is one of the eiglit parts of its height; and from the ſaid point a line is drawn, which nter/efing at right Angles the Ca- theta, divides the Voluta into four parts. Next in the Eye of this Voluta a ſquare is form'd, the bigneſs whereof is the half diameter of the ſaid Eye: and two diagona] lines being drawn in it, upon them are mark d thirteen points (com- puting the Center of the Eye) which are as many Centers whereon the fixed foot of the Compaſs is to ſtand to make the Voluta; and as to the order which muſt be obſerv'd in them, it appears by the bes mark'd in the Deſign. The Aftragal of the Column is right againſt the Eye of the Voluta. The Vo- lutas are as thick in the middle, as is the projecture of the Ovolo, which reaches beyond the Abacus, ſo much as does the Eye of the Voluta. The hollow, or Chanel of the Volura is even with the body of the Column. The Aſtragal of the Column turns about under the Voluta, and is always viſible, as it appears by the Plan: for tis natural that fo ſlender a thing as the Voluta is feign'd to be, ſhould give way to another ſtronger, as the Afragal i Is, from Kd it is always equally diſtant. IN the Angles of Collonades, or rows of Colu mns, and Porricm of the Ionic Order, Capitel are made with their Volutas, not only in the front, but alſo on that part which, making the Capitol as uſual, would have been the Flank ; where- _ they come to have the front on two fides, and are * Argular-Copitl How * * Plate XY. 8 AE. . fes 3 or ca which are aten, 1 the * * 4 * > nd AR * 1 3 N s _— tres Foe ha * ron : 7 1 2 1 \ 2 8 — ” 2 > — F A 2 : 1 'D. * * FT the Eebinus « or * I N ifs 19 Ea 07 5 ot » 1 * Cincture, or Amulet, or Liftella. 3 Ho. 4.3 53 Roe þ Dri ut Fi. Part of the Body. of the Column. EY, * 5 rr 5 Ton G. ff Line call d Citbeta; 2 Eo 3 T as Plate XXI. repreſents the Jonick Baſe =: with the Eye of the Yoluta upon a large Scale, marked ER OL TT 1 | ae of the Baſe according to Fitrwvizs. OI et e | | K. Part of the Body of the Cuunn. | | L. Cincture, or Annalet. %% AE. 05 YE CPS SE -7 N. Firſt Scotia. i wo AR RS + O. Aftragal. a N | 1 d 8 . | P. Second Scotia. ; 3. r i 8 2. 0 or Find. % R Y , MMM!!! bh hd é •œ—;‚ - — nn | * TE Architrave, Frize and Cornite have, as I faid before, the. | the height of the Column; and the whole is divided into 12 parts. #7 | trave has four, the Frize three, and the Cornice five. The Architrave i is 1 4 | : vided into five parts; of one is made its Cimaſium, and the reſt is. ſubdivided . again into twelve: for the firſt Faſcia and its Afragal three, to the ſecond and its Miragal four, and to the third five _ l Tas Cornice is divided into 74 parts; two are given to the Scotia, or Caverts and Ovolo; two to the Modilions, and the reſt to the Corona and Cimaſrum. The | whole Cornice projects as much as its height | I nave drawn the Front, the Flank, and the Plan of the cpi; and the A- chitrave, Frize and Cornice, with their proper Ornaments. A. Cimaſium, or Cima recta. B. Cima reverſa. C. Corona. . | | | : D. Cimaſium of the Modilions. | E. Modilions. 8 F. Ovolo. | | Cavetto. 2 © q H. Prize. I. Ci niaſium of the Architrave. 39 K. Firſt Faſcia. 1: by L. Second Faſcia, 1 1 M. Third Faſcia. 5 9 | vn | Members of the Capitel. {a | N. Abacus. | as OY O. Channel, or hollow of the Voluta. | wit P. Ovolo, or Echinus. 5 | Q. Aftragal of the Column. 5 LY 5 R. Part of the Body of the Column. | 8 ky * Plate XXII. 4p * 4 = * by . 7 1 4 AD » 8 A IKE” Tb ks * 1 2 * ee - = 9 TVS ER. 9 LF y ; % N I N | * 4 8 ** p F ? « N 4 * N ., | - Pp 1 * e | 8 * 5 2 F * a of * : - * - * . . 4 : tis "a 8 N , 3 75 : 8 n t * 7 5 N N Ny er. 2 2 * f 1 bs n 5 = Cay : vo 2 ' b 5 * . : « Fx oy * F © | 4% | MC. Ws FRY q 3 W . ot 7 * — 4 * We | . \ U * > * POTS WY > go * 8 # . WH WP 1 * ' 5 8 Y 4 * n # N 7 7 . 2 50 p * * , G . . + 5 * "I 8 > up 5 — . 10 * Y * 8 7 r en t 5 r 17. . hg SOT | ” $A Fe 5 * To iS as. - + 1 ; by L : ks MP (oy . . N 8 55 Tv 1 N * 2 2 1 N. . . * * 3 . 3 , 29 fn 8 l 2 8 5 ; . 15 . „ 8 e by * 2 8 we i * 23 e e e e „ NT, a N 3 75 SF. \ of e 9 . ; hs LORE Ir ee. a SN on) * * . * ; * „ o . . c 4x O., 1 ot. 7 * N 8 % r 9 s 8 7 » „ * * > * E 0 * * * 9 3 * * « £23 " \ ET E 4 ible famou 1 ci & Pelpernific, nc now the TOY was in tel, rich, and beautiful, than any of thoſe T have yet diſcours'd upon. The Co- wum are like thole bf the Lene Order; and, with the Baſe and Capite!, they are nine Modules aid a half high. If they are fluted they muſt have 24 Flutes ; or Chanels, which are to be half as deep "as they are broad. The Plant, or | $hacts, Between one Flute and the other, muſt be a third part of the breadth of ' the faid Flutes, The Architzave, Frize, and Cormice, are a fifth part of the height of the Columns. In the defign of à Colonnade, or fingle Columns, the Inter-columns are two diameters, as in the Portico of St. Maria Rotunda at Rome; and this manner of diane ing the Column i is, by Vitruviui, call'd Syſylos.” ＋Ix that of Arches, the Pilaſters have two fifths of the breadth of the Arch, which breadth or void is in k,n Pa are ane a FRAME revs thickneſs of the ſaid 2pch being comprehended. oo 0 Tai Petleſtal untler the Cori int part of the length of the Column, and being divided into eight parts, one is gi- ven to the Cimaſtum, two to tte 975 aud five to che Dye or Spare. The Baſe muſt be divided into tee pas, two for Tur ebenen Baſe of this Colummn'i is ths Aut! b yer it diſſes "ER chat | which is put to the Dorick Order; for i in this the projecture is the fifth part of the diameter of the Column; ebe in the Divich it it tht foxth . It may alſo vary in ſome other parts, as it appears by the Deſign, where live profil d the Impoſts of the Arches, the height of which is double of the Mem- bretto, or Half-pilafler which bears up the . | A. Part of the Column. B. Cincture, or Aftragal of the Column. C. Upper Torut. D. Cavetto, or Scotia, with its unit. E. Lower Torus. _ F. Oro, or Plinth of. 5 20% join 'd to the ane of the baia. 8. Cimaſium, H. Dado, or Dye, or ware, 1. Moulding f the 12 RE | 1 th P alu. | Orlo, or Plinth of the Baſe, EW I. The Impeoſt of the Arch. © 7 | 33 Tus height 1 the Corinthian. Copind u takes a diameter of the 83 be- low, and a fixth part more, which is allow d to the Abacus. The reſt is divided into three equal parts. One is for the lowermoſt row of Leaves, the other for the middle row ; but the third is. ſubdivided into two, and of that part next to "W053. L H | the Plate XXIII. + Plate XXIV. Plate XXV. ++ Plate XXVI. | merten mak Ss, * the "age ny Tens of the ca be- N vented cht Order from! thence call'd Cörinthian, and which is more gen- ian Column, * be in date the untl 8 r Pliteb; and one to the 5 The Stock or Stem 0 | taken from Colewort, is a plain miſtake: for all ſuch Leaves at their Stalk are ſtrong- er, but not broader than in the midſt, as 6 | thoſe of the Cauliculi, a pitel: It is not a Stalk only with the Leaves ſtript off, but a Ten- dril; and he means from the ſide of the Square of the Abaco, from the Roſes not as Vignola has made them. But the Roſes of Palladio have too little Projec- tion, as the other have too much. Between them both, Scamoz- 27's is the beſt, which he makes a Circle of and the Lines are to touch the Aſtragal. This Rule I have uſed myſelf, and it does well. Viola Zanini follows Palladio di- _ rectly. wh -”; 2 : * — — „ * r * , 1 —_— „ . * . 1 » * F G "WS „ k 1 _ i _—_ r ERP turing 4 N ra n 5 = 4 99 Ne q = N „ Y 2 — . NY K wy 3 bo . a 8 9 8 * =P 1 « Py OST rr WP. ao 4 T * r p eee —— * 2 * he — 3 t 5 r 9 s » — WE * Ka 5 — 2 9 - . 82 uw” * ; F = S F . - - ** * - ad Pp MEL os EC 24 P * 7 Pon aa" — 1 * Pe” > 1 n N > — . = ll N Af © a” ore, +6 RG n 8 — — 8 F 3 - ret; — J . Wi * " 2 8 n = * x N 7 v re : . N . 8 * * . 3 * — - 4 _— . 1 A 2 AE f . i . 8 e 2 Th, F . 4 . _ iy _— * * * — "yy in oh * — * - — 4 + . * " * nd $08 PID OE og. CC RS n — 4 v — 8 > 4 ET — ＋ 1 N - Y _ G = | a 4 — q - : 9 5 3 * A N yy \ es "88 21 y et " — 5 22 q N Was = — — — hy s 2 g My —— Kt 2 5 „e T mou rents I" cue — — . — E — I I : 3 — —— 3 N N * g's - Ie, of F = þ : in. - 4c; 1 A SR — - al re > * 4 4 n 5 = * * nnn = 3 = - * n 5 1 re PR X . 2 * 2 5 5 * . 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Y £ ING © We i * S __ 4 s l N gs , : 1 of df 4 2 8 9 ; x 5 B DI * * ; 1 * 8 1 7 \ — 20 7 „ * 1 3 LACS « 4 p n 4 by 5 j 0 wo LP . ng oe NG. 3 % ; , 5 8 n — n ; 2 22 1 \ 5 Fr, J * PR * V RY r 8 0 23 +, 258 oY I * 3 5 * ; Df * 2 - 1 — Ned "> . * 49 o AN 3 * 7 7 N , wag 0 ** 1 N 8 ** F * z MAY, — . 4 A | ' 855 55 1 — 8 _ Du 2 Ne "3 p * — n 2 EY. 9 2 + 7 5 7 = oY De RN 8 * 1 p . * 3 n 8 0g PEI KW; "Ys : 5 er 487 l 1 5 * Dp ICY « 5 rr 2 bs ; 8 2 9 As N 8 1 * e 4 G Dee 75 we 6.2 : þ a 1 * whe fs % © * e * 2 N ** 4 * . 5 5 : y "3% Pe — * 3 n . 4 * i A 1 . * 5 * Te RL >. $4 7 5 1 7 : oF + * . . " - 2 f 4 BT 5 * 2 irn x OR 0 an. 5 * FN BRE EY 5 * * L Sk * \ Sa” = * * x THY 8 8 y l 7 5 — \ 5 DS 3 ; | 2 Fee c 684 * Cs * + j gt ; * * 1 i 78 - 8 9 x : F 9 240 Pp I he: . . \ wt | VIP are inde e or Stalls; with their Fama e 8 = be ſupported by them; and therefore the Sali from whence i en mult: be made thick, but they in their foldings muſt diminiſh by degrees orig e ch inthe. iaward body df e N in the Corinthian Ca- which is all one, as P of ſtreight Leaves, and one diameter and 2, in that the Example of the Plants, which extremities of their Branches. The Bell under the Leaves, ought to be Num with the bottom of the Flutes of the Co- lumn. To give the ach « convenient projetfire, à perſect ſquare muſt be made, each fide whereof is to be a module and a half, and the . - being. drawn from. one 2 of & to. another, the point of their in! * ton che Square, These are che bounds of the er holes of the id l. K ˙ hs mtg Leaves muſt 8 N ae e and 7 7 rf full projecrure. The Roſe is to be as broad as the fourth. part of the diameter of the Column at the foot. The Architrave, Frige and Cornice (as Jihave ſaid. be- fore) are to be a fifth part of the height of the Column, and the whole i to; be divided into 1 2 parts, as in the Tonick Column: with this chat the Cornice of the Corinebian is divided into eight parts and a half, anc of which is given to the Cima reverſa, and andther.to the Denziculi, the third to the Oval, the fourth and fifth to the Modi/ions,” and the other three and a half to the Co- rona and Cima. The Cornice has as much projdfture as it has height. The Panels of the Roſes, between the Mogdhons, muſt be K and the Modilions as big as half the Plan of the ſaid Roſes. The Members of this Order have not underſtood. been mark d with Letters, n nn 3 puma 55 C H A P. xv. Of the CourOSITY E Order, 95 a HE Compoſite Order (which is alſo named 8 as being an Invention of the ancient Romans) is fo call'd, becauſe it partakes of all the afore- faid Orders; and the moſt regular and beautiful is that which is compounded of the Tonick and Corinthian. It is more ſlender than the ores, und and may be made like it in all its parts, except in the Capirel Tun Columns ought to be 10 Modules high. In the Deſigns of Columns, or ſingle Collonades, the Inter columns are but of one diameter and a half: and 1 in this manner is call d by Yitruvius, Picnoftylbs. + In thoſe of 2 the pilaſters are to be half of the breadth, or void of the Arch, which is to be under the KeyPone two Jars 8 8 A half Ugh; that is to ſay, ti two diameters and a half of the Arch. N I = 50 * Axp * Plate XXVIL + Plate XXVVIII. 5 ä 1 e aid te 3 o which, the, fd foot Ha Compaſs being, lac'd, 5 the ſquares gal. muff be mar ak'd, ins, giving, the ; breadth of is e, Or diminution of the Abacws 1 8 5 3 ” E I U 0 ” | ** * 'S « = 9 N po —_ . WY j — N * ol ' -" \ * 8 4 | j bo — * e 4 * : lo an : F * s 3 a 3 24 be. bj WES * i * Y Wo 1 — = . * * I RE 2 2 [ Ss, „ e 8 \ ey x Y . N k EY "> 3 [1 0 ; 2. . * * 1 * a — £ 882 * a ate e * Ivy 7 27 6 rr * - 5 4 * 1 p YI — , 4 & . 4.29 ak 2 8 » 4 2 N . #7» * * K. 3 * on * AB < . * N » 8 | 4 * 4 k ts * ; "ow N * % * 8 » F I's > "> 4 x 4 * 5 %, . os * {0 KOs Tz \ Fe © 29 "Wb ; £ % 15 y * 4 ' ES Chap. 7 8. Of ( 23 g e 8 1 I haus faidj this Order is.n fender 1 the Corinthians ; a be id part of the height of the Column; which . WES . half, of one part in made the Cima- | ſum of the faid Baſe; e d balf for the Daub; the dus ohen for the Baſe, which being ſubdivided -—— n e gare ar f As; and. he 1 hams e ne in the Corineblen ; "ond R — R ergy 7 oe EA by the Deſign. Tus Ia of the Arches are proßf d by: the. fide of the 'Pege/tal; and its | beight 6 equaliathediametes of the Mendncita, SW. 5 kao + 3 ee the: Compofich Order hos the live meaſures as th 1 but it differs ram it in the. Foluta,. Ovalb, ad Nee, or Fuſe, whichare Members ot the Jonick Gapigth, "The way of making it is thus. From 8 Gare d dinided into three parts, as in the Corinthian. The ft in given ih dhe ficft row of, £eaver, the ſecond: and the third to the Falues, which: is made in the fame Munnet, and with the fame points as that of the Jonick,. It wakes yp © much of the Abacus, fat it ſecms to go out of the Oval, at the ſun af the Riemer which" is put in the middle of the circular fide of the Abacus; and it in ac thick in the fron, h dhe bregdth of the ZJorns there- 9h, ande little more. The Quok is i big as three parts af five of the Abacus, ind its lower part, that & im Ne, -ought'to-be parallel with the Eys of the Vo- uta I bes ig it Dr and is with its projet7ure, perpendi- io che hallo offitbe Act, or 8 linde mare ufa The Fuſe is a third part of .the height ee in id Neff Grating” more than the half uf its thicknebs,: It tum about tim Gapical under the F alina, and is al- Was ſcen. The J{fel, which i undes the Fy/s; and makes the edges of the Brl/ of the Capiteh, is the half of the Fuſe). The lady: of the Bell ought to be plum with the bottom of the Flutes of the Column. I have ſeen one of this ſort at Rome, from which I have drawn all theſe — becauſe it appear = — very beautiful and well contrivd. - + + Tax are Capitels to be ſeen made after Dolls manner, and which may be call'd Compoſite; of which I propoſe to ſpeak, and to inſert the Deſigns of them in my Book of Antiquities, The Architrave, Frize, and Cornice, have the fifth part of the height of the Calumn; and it will be very eaſy, to know their diß. ferent diviſion, or diſtribution, by that which has been faid before | in the other Orders, and by the Numbers I, have phc'd in. the, Defi W. # * ＋ = 4 * 1 7 4 * 3 C A» « F J * x I — [4 * — 4 va — * » * * 9 ; a 7 ” 1 6 * pl 1 o , a 4 7 E 4 1 IR < 8 1 * 1 * 4 2 = N 1 * - ; 2 by - A; 5 * 2 4 N Te t - 4 1 + 7 4 : 97 — x 7 | . p 2 2 * 5 5 4 J - * 4 7 * * 23. N wt $f * o ; 1 x Fin * . * — . g 2 1 & '4 * | . K - " * * as 1 F 1 3 1 * 8 22 : mr 4 . 1 ” — * : „ . 8 | SONS be. IN. 7 5 "ER : „ 7 x « , 2 : — - ; 4 4 * * ” ; "pd : 4 % * "AT 6 5 5 3 1 29 . 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N N oF N N s 8 Ws . * od HY 8 | 1 1 ow . N of * : a : 1 4. N62 FO EN $ WIE A 4, * 8 * I „ r e . . 3 ; c 9 k "IR 1 : Mah eren SF ; N F 5 . e q , : F F . 5 „ db | A ol TER 5 » * ; uo. F 3 . 3 Wb 2 8 e F 4 ; e . * * > | * 99 be % 5 N 7 AW Net 1 1 * "Mo [ , + l WO ) PA, nk ew N N 7 8 , 0 1 h : ; : 4% Ip Fes " 8 . 1 ren ö : , _ p 5 FL 1 . $ . . 1. : \ . 8 5 W » e ; r a \ * MX * $ by x 5 ſe G : . s \ , AY , , * - ona FN r J - 5 3 584 0 * . 5 * - : . G 8 7 4 : 15 * 5 9 . ? 4 4 . 1 912 N N * * * 3 4 ; 8 rn 1 N — L : b - 2 5 | . * 1 75 * 8 * 4 l ug : ; oY 4 FA 4 + ' on 4% &: 46 75 4 . * 0 . 7 ww A i 4 8 3 1 Wo 124; . 2 1 ! 1 r * 5 ae 5 5 FER, GW * of : $I ag 0 FEY 2 ig L N * 1 1 1. e boy re Th f A Part Ly x «ing 5 e 5 1 . for one Order than for another Lalche this pare . dd. w he FF _ Rb beauty and ornament of the work, when * 1 made with diſcretion" W che pro | JJ the other parts: to the end nevertheleſs, that the Architect „ x full knowledge of theſe, and make a right ufe of chem upon occaſion, they 1 mult - take notice that the Ancients mad ſquare, that is to-ſay” as Tor N e broad, as may be ſeen in the Arch call'd 4 Laas at Verona; and thels! T ave * aſſign d to the Dvr3ch Order, becauſe it requires more ſolidity. 8. they took" their meaſure in making of them from the diameter of che 0d wy the Arch, as in the Argh of Titus at Sana Maria Neva at Roe, and that of Tha- jan over the Gait Uf Aach, whete the Pedeſtal is Half the height of the open 2 of the Arch; I of chit ind of Pedeſtals I have put to the Tonick Order. Some „ times they cock their meaſure from the height of the Column; Ez a City ſituated at the foot of the Mountains which divide Ja from France, S . an Arch erected to the hotiour of Auf, Coſer: and in the Arb of Pola, a City of Dalmatia,” and alſo in the Nac of Nome in the Tauch, and Co- rinchian Orders: in which Buildings the Pedeſtal is the fo urth part ofthe heig of the Column, 4s T have made it in the C Corinthian Order. er 0NC Arch call'd of Caftet vecchip, which is very beautiful, the Pedeſtal * a "nl © the height of the Column, as I have order d it in the Compoſire Order. All theſe forms of Pedeſtals are moſt eee. and have moſt elegant proportivis with the other parts to which they belong; nd when #7 ee — of Theatres, makes mention of the N ohe m know, that by that he meat Pedeſtal to which he gives the third patt of the Columns with which he 2 the Scenes. But of Pedeſtals which exceed a third part of the Column, we have an Example at Rome. in the Arch of Conſtantine, where the Pedeſtals have one of two parts and a half of the height of the Column. And almoſt in all the an- cient Pedeſtals tis to be obſerv'd, that the Baſes have the double of hs ' Cimaſfum, E as I ſhall demonſtrate i in y Book of Arches. TA 1 Im f n A 1 4 XX. 0 L Of the Errors and Abuſes imreduced | into o Alia. t 2 J. L, » : 1 {2 155 24 5 4 » 8 11 3 0 * 4 ' '* 2-4 8 8 * 3 , 1. 1 : * f . 2 g »& * $f 5 wa 1 Ti 1 111 * , : * * — 3 — * 12 by = 2 . * 3 6 1 .Y x Ly #1 © 0 {4 * AVING ſet 33 all thoſe OR. of 1 bach conſiſt in the right uſe of the five Orders, and having ſhewn how they ought to be made by drawing the Profils of each of their parts, according as I found that the Ancients did practiſe; it ſeems to me not unfit here, to inform the Reader of many Abuſes, which having been formerly introduc'd by Bar- barians, are obſerv'd even to this day; and this I do, to the end that the Studious in this Art may avoid them in their own Works, and be able -to take notice of them in thoſe of others. I ſay then, that Arcbitecture (as all the other Arts) being grounded upon Rules taken from the imitation of Nature, admits of nothing that is contrary, or foreign to that Order which Nature has preſcrib'd to all things. Wherefore we ſee that the ancient Architects, who begun to alter their Timber-Buildings, and to make them with Stones, kept their Columns leſs at the top than at the foot, taking example from Trees, all which are leſs at the top than in the Trunk, and towards the Roots : likewiſe, ' becauſe it is very na- = | tural that thoſe things upon which any great W is laid, ſhould be preſs d, under = 69 | . = Pg bc 1 U. 59 wh 8 Ve , & r . % n 12 ö N 9.7 WEE \ 2 7 TL Fa * & k 4 5 — n a « » * . 8 5 _ 2 * \ by, SHY . 1 | L (7 , 1 * 1 © « - 4 . _—. + 1 . C Un F d * = x 3 1 4 . ” . = 1 I | » ll. |; a . * . < oy] * * * RY * * * » % # 7 4 * \ Cos: Wk oo tou 4 wort es 2 5 i N 1 1 ws 2 TR 2 8 DC "4 : 20. of 3 40 Bett in melee. „ in; under the Column chey did put a Baſe, which by Its Torws, Caverto, and ra- gal, ſeems to repreſent a ſwelling caus'd by the burden over it. 80 they brought in the Cornices, Trigliphs, Modilions, and Dentils, tp repreſent the heads of the = Joyſls, which in the Cieling are plac'd to bear up the Roof. The fame may be ; 6bſcty'd in all ether parts, if one is curious to examine them. And chis being fo, what ſhall, we fay of that form of Building, which is ſo con has taught us, that it deviates from that Simplicity which is viſible in things by her pradue d, and departs from all that is good, or true, or agreeable in the way of Bulding: for which reads, infiead'of Oslurnns, or Pilaſters, which are con- 1 8 others vüly u confuſed Idea of chiterkure, without a pleaſure or ſa- Mor - hor indeed do they produce aty ther effekt than to increaſe the Ex- pences'of the Builder, 'Fbr the fame reaſon theſe Carton/ber ought never to come ae,, e bed be made d de end, ahd d9 thew what it would be, if all the work had been fram 'd of Timber. Beſides that, as it is requiſite to uphold a great weight with ſomething folid, and fit to ſupport it: fo ſuch hon-ſenfical things, as C rs, are altoge- ther ſapetfluous, decauſe it & irhpoſſible chat the Joyſts, or any other Timber wharſvever, could really perform what theſe repreſent ; and ſince they are feign'd to be ſoſt and weak, I know fot by what Rule they can be put under any thing | heavy and hard. ” But of all Abuſes, in my opinion the moſt intolerable is, the making certain frontons'of Doots, ot Windows, of Galleries, divided in the mid- dle : berauſe cheſe fromtoris were contriv'd at ket to defend thoſe parts from Rain, neceflity having taught our firſt Architects to give them the form of a Roof; fo that I know nothing more contrary to natural "Reakch, than to divide and open that part which the Ancietits did make Whole, in order to defend the Inhabi- tants of the Houſe, and thoſe that enter into the fame, from Rain, Snow, Hail, and other injuries of the Air: and alth6” variety and novelty ſhould pleaſe all, yet we are not to go againſt the precepts of Art, and that which Reaſon demon- ſtrates; whence we fee that the Ancients in their ſevetal Contrivances have never departed from the general and neceſſary Rules of Art or Nature, as may be ſeen in my Book of Antiquities. As for the projetfure of the Cornice, and other Or- fully to avoid making the Cornice diſprop naments, tis not a ſmall abuſe to make it too great; becauſe when theſe Projec- tures exceed their Juſt meaſure, eſpeclally if the Building is in à cloſe place, it appears the narrower and more uncomely, as well as always frightning thoſe which ſtand underneath, as if it would fall upon them. One ought alſo care- portionable to the Columns; for tis cer- tain that putting great Cornires upon litele Columns, or upon great Columns little Cornices, muſt needs make a very fad AſpeRt. Again, thoſe ſorts of Columns, which are feign'd to be made of ſeveral pieces, and Jo fitted together by the means of certain Rings, or Annulets, in the n 0 of a Ruſtick, ought alſo to be no leſs carefully avoided ; becauſe how much the more entire and ſtrong the Columns appear, ſo much the more they perform the defign for which they are plac'd, which is to render the Work above more ſecure and firm. Many other the like abuſes might be reckon'd up, as of ſome Members which in the Cornices are made diſproportionable to the reſt, as by what I have ſhewn before, and by what is now ſaid, may be eafily known. It remains now to come to the diſpoſing of the particular and principal parts of a * to what Nature tiiv's 6b bear d great weight, one ought not to Place 'thoſe Modern Ornaments | call'd Cortojber, which are certain Serales that are but an eye-fore to the Artiſts, Vor. I. | "CHA F A —_— — p 2 * * FA MA _— Lg py W —_— Mw $5" RS i -— i po l * a 5 5 N 3 * 3 axe 1 r A 4 — * N n * gw A a. * — 25 r * * Fa - — — 2 * 2 rin gat” iS 442 > ama 7 Fd —_ — veniency of the Byil ALLERIES ae thmmonly made in the or if only one is intended, it muſt in the middle: if. do, be plac'd in the Wings. They ſerve for many diverſions. They 4 made 1 or 15 nor more than 20 Foot i Gaal read 1. to have in the middle, or chief part, ſome ol the Houſe may have an eaſy Communication. Story are vulgarly call'd Entries, Lobbies, or Paſſages; - and above They ſerve in a Houſe as publick places. The Entries ſerve for thoſe” who at- tend, or wait on the Maſter to falute him, or to do any buſineſe with him. Such ag are the peril of the How p the lege} that firſt preſent Paſtimes. For this reſin; et lug theſe places ought to be made much more ſpacious than others, to the end that many -Perſons may commodiouſly be entertain d therein, and eaſily ſee what's a doing. I do - obſerve: always to allow for the length of a Hall, no more than the double of its breadth ; but the nearer they © come to a a Square, the more beautiful and convenient they wg will be. —;öĩ AY 55 ? VVV Tus Anti- Chambers and Chambers ought to be ſo divided and diſpoſed, that they may fall on each ſide of the Entry and of the Hall, taking care that thoſe on the right hand may exactly anſwer to thoſe on the left; that fo not only one ſide of the Building be in all things equal to the other; but that the Walls likewiſe may bear equally the Burden of the Roof: becauſe if the Chambers were on one fide larger than on the other, this (conſidering the cloſe- neſs of the Walls) would bear more of the weight; and the other, propor- tionably weaker, would occaſion many inconveniencies, and in proceſs of time the ruin of the whole Fabrick. 7 2 re 0 Tux handſomeſt and moſt elegant proportion for Chambers, and which have the beſt effect, may be taken ſeven different ways: for they may be made round (which form is very little in uſe) or. ſquare, or they have'in 1 the Diagonal of their ſquare, or a third more than the ſquare, or a ſquare. and a half, ora ſquare and two thirds, or two ſquares full. yg, * A N i N W ; 0 "WE. EY" * o 1. $49 1 * . | a FA) a N 2 > > 0 . "x ey 8 7 4 4 = 0 * x ] . E « we "es X ** * # - , ö , 4 * OT LIT , ic : k Fd 9 * * a 2 * * 4 3 x 4 » l * * 1 . N * Py 7 x * 2 "4 » — Wu » * * 4 . 1 4 1 * 8 1 5 g * 1 540 4 * 2 on 5 3 | * n 5 * on 7 1 % 23) ty bs. * Py ay * iy 5 47 A 5 8 1 # % 9 * 01 * * n 8 n : Go ge 2 Se, 1 * * Sn 3 0 3 5 "od . * * OA Ts OG 1 "4 = : : WF N = > , f , ; l 4 7 "— x > oft on 1 on! r 5 5 9 5 ns bs * ä he * : 1 W Ne, D * 2 l 8 21 . f ' Wy i 85 FX ; | ; * 5 5 I - es & . . * 2 N%4 * * 1 OD m_ 955 4 N A ö : F * 2 4 q k * 5 ® «a» : » 6 % * 0 * 8 % © SG ; ; * x 2 9 * 7 4 k 1 8 * 1 & * S 1 1 at ; 5 / Fon aud GIenungs: 27 N a, | : Lk * e 2 | * - g , | 2 8 ig Wl) * 5 * 5 5 727 7 2 y = A DG 9 „ / 2 RAN OR Et Ie r PUSSY 1 WF *%. n : f . "4, £ hs * . 1 g * OE 8 . n g +: [0 1 : 5 K * K Y a i * 1 5 8 1 e e 7 * | = ap. LAS Ib VO n i 0 1 3 3 N (a wet” 3 We ; t . 0 $5 © 236% ? » q * g A =" x g > — ag * "A 5 8 ha * * 4 5 N . 8 ; s 5 2 . 8 . * | WG. If" Ip 4 5 EP N . f 7 4 * ? S Aa * 9 8 1 n WP on og OAT; * 82 * 2 > n 54 ROY) 8 LEA Foe WE, 8 ne EO 1 Fo” * Kg D N. FY | 5 14 e * EG 75 "3 bo "op" $3 1 4 8 - J a ©: ID - ? 8 * BO 3 CHE 5 £ F S ES SRI 2 WE 3 * : N . N (0 i e au | Vee Bo . 1 8. 8 l 8 5 1 1 : * wh * . 8 e oo P% I og 4 2 F< ĩ £. Yoo LS. 1 4 W „ . 8 . * \ ; ; ; e * 8 11 FA ; | 4 5 . * L 971 F008 nd. nine voſt ip g : F „„ RS {LS IFN 45 Sp $1 tings 5 . * — ot 15 2 71 "i Mr Ns. * v Ry ＋ N . e N N * 4 5 lleries, tial, Ant-Chanbers, and of Floors, and. flat Ciclngs — 2 I 2. of KAR. hel of Mortar be _ when made out of beaten n NY ne Sand, or with River-Pebbles, or P- bus Stans Hine; all Well mixt together. duch Floors muſt be made during the 2, or Summer, what they may dry_ the better. Brick, or Square Tyle-Pave- ; are more agreeable to the Eye, becauſe of the many forms into which they ma be made, and of the Colours they are capable to receive by the divers c6- Tours of the Earth they e are made with. The Floors of Bed-chambers, or other nuch frequ oms, are ſeldom made of Marble, or any hard Stone, becauſe in the Winter they would be too cold; but in Galleries, or other publick places, they will agree well etiough. Cart muſt be taken, that all the "TR which are af the ame Story, may fave their Floor of Pavement equal, and in " ſuck a manner that the very — Thibſhblds of the Doors : may not be higher than, the reſt. And if any little oom or Cloſet ſhould happen-to be. lower than the reſt, what is wanting muſt he ſupplied by a Mezaning,. or. falſe Flogg-Cie Tus Cielings are alſo made divers WAYS, b 4 forde delight to have liahdfome and well wrought Joys} in which cale it is neceſſary to obſerve, that the Joyſts te diſtant one from another the thickneſs of a Joyſt and a half: becauſe ſuch a diſtribution will make the Cieling very , handſome, and between the ends of every Joyſt, there will be ſufficient Wall to bear the upper Story : whereas if they | thould ſtand wider one from the other, it would look ill, and if cloſer, twould be like a dividing of che upper Wall from the lower; and the Joyſts rotting at _ end, or. being conſum d by Fire, tlie Wall above muſt fall of courſe. O- ers will have Compartements of Stuc (which is a fort of hard Plaſter) or of a that they may. enrich them with Pictures, beautifying them according to their various Humours and Fancics 3 and therefore in this TP there can bs Per no determinate Rules, ho . | F WP 2 the Height of CrnMmpens.” NHAMBERS are made either arch d, or with a flat Cieling. If the laſt | ways the height from the Pavement or Floor to the Joyſts above, ought to be equal to their breadth :. and the, Chambers:of the ſecond Story muſt be a ſixth part leſs than them in height. As to the Rooms which are arch'd (and which are commonly made fo in the firſt Story, not only becauſe they are more beautiful, but alſo leſs ſubject to Fire) their height in a ſquare Room is a third | more than their breadth : but in thoſe whoſe length exceeds their breadth, a height _ 5 * 7 r n i n © Eq . % 7 ; * 1 . * I. 8 * > 1 *. ck re DME Nagle LEY > 2 1 — ** ”" ns 2 + oy 4 1 „ 9 1 oF, q "2 *..4 rn nn n rern ere "oy EEO oo, So VG ERIE > As. 8 [1 N L Wi 2 7 . * * 27 95 5 * 1 n NN 58 r N W Gs Ra n N ST N 3 * r Nel Denn = A 2 18 . n N | T 8 5 22 0 F 85 5 * 5 . [0 85 | b . ; hy ay ; 10 K 2 * OH 5 © = * 8 : % } = . * 1 j r e 1 | gy Ms 1 i j .} | Te o * 3 1 8 2 4 1 } 4x % * 7 \ o. 8 ( 2907 l N : % 1 8 1 WF, * =: 1 "of $ oF #5 1 7 4 * J , 17 14 * 7 *. * 4x 18 1 * 2} FA LE Pa. 7 2 * 5 * * * F Ki 4 . 1 ——4 * 1 +44 ; , AS x! 7% . {3 1 L . * h ' £ a 4 1 7 * + . * th. KH * Cha ” F088 Fey . TE A wer 1 \ 1 3 _ At * 9 ; HE . = = 8 1 4 o d 2 4 8 * te p l * * * . br a 3 2 g \ Mg > ne rb ” - E a . 4 - n i E — — — — 2 1 — — — + 4 - - R 2 ; WO REY, ie . * * - 2 . I ; : e DE - — 5 as 9 er FN Og ere 4 ey 8 | . 23 WY ö. y £ CET * 1 b . . ; . , * * 5 „ — - 8 - 4 2 FE * A - * - 4 . - 2 1 7 9 y — : > 8 er, a, "> : - s ite * PE Wen - . 2 * 8 * ; 1 . Lac 1 ers; „ r - hats * „ EW - COINS \ ny by , « 2 = * a 3 5 — — PI > : \ fa = 1 Py - AA _y — buy / 1 ſy 7 1 — 3 75 © mh. * * 5 — Pays "2: . — th * 1 — q — © = - . : - b * — 4 er a a =." att | WR Se E * — — — 1 a — = = : 32% . _ 25 2 ww * 4 - * In _—_— —_ 2 J 8 a Th 5 k _ , > be eg A dee, at * av. — o „„ EIN . bl = + 7 LY = — 2 =, 4 *. 3 ws ak, l I 2 *- F4 = 1 4 o = , 8 e 4 4 = — * . : | a q _ * « P . A ER » C Al s 1 — n <4 A ' * - » be found in this manner,, BC being the Room to be arch'd, the es a : AG will be the heig ht of the Arch BC. — 4 3 3 © * A * a 6 4 5 * D 45 J 2 1 4 H 2 ' l b * 4% dy . 4 7 * * N * by We — c a 2 g b Wa 1 "+ $f = 4. { y 5 * 7 n e | . * 4 \ * 4 - 4 o « . + 5 7 6. * 1 * q * 12 K : . wi * a \ N GC 1 3 * —— Ap 5 5 15 * 2 * ge ee _ wdivided by the middle, the one: half will give 3 5 > beige of the Arch. As for Example, let BC be the place where an -arch'd Room is to. be made z © . joining the breadth & C with the length AB, and the ine EB being divided into two equal parts in the point F, tis plain that FB is the height requir rd. Or "if the. Reom bp be archi 1 ber long by ©, theſe two numbers join d together, give 18, the half of which i is 9, and the lore the "height of tug Room muſt he. 9 fog. * Axerzis proportional height to the 5 bres breadth ſhall be join'd upon one Line as BF A on the middle of which. having . mark d the point C, it will be the Center of the Semi-circle BGF, and in ro longing the Line A C till it touckes the Cir ice at the point G, the Linge That fame proportion is to be foud | 8 * by numbers in Fee ei knowing how many Foot are contain RAIN e 7 * and breadth of the Room, we muſt find a number which has the ſame jan” of proportion with the breadth, as the length has with it, by multiplying che | be extreme by the greateſt ; becauſe the /qware Root of the product of that mul- | tiplication ſhall be the height demanded. As far Example, if the place to be arch d is 9 Foot long and 4 Foot wide, the height of” ch Ic ſhall hn 6 Foot, for the proportion from 9. to 6, is the ſame as from 6 to 4 Viz. the Seſquila- teral proportion, but it muſt be obſery'd that this height i is not mrs to be found by numbers. Tazzs is another height to he found, which tho leß, has ene 2 very good proportion with the length and breadth of the Room. Having drawn the Lines AB, AC, CD, and DB, which repreſent the breadth and length of the Room, and the height taken according to the firſt method, which is CE being | Joind to AC; 425 the Line EDF, then prolonging the Line AB till is touches the Line EDF, in the Point F, the Line BF. ſhall be the height of the Arch. But to find it by numbers is thus : Having taken the length and breadth of the Room according to the firſt method, which height is in the foregoing Example 9 Foot; put together the length, the breadth and the height, as this Figure repre- ſents, then multiply the g by 12, and the 6, and the product of the 12 being ſet under the 12, and that of the 6 under the 6; 12 9 6 multiply 6 by 12, lay the product under the 9, which will make 108, 72, 54 72, and having got a number which being multiplied by , pro- = duces 72, as 8 would do in this Example; I fay that the Arch - is to be 8 Foot high. Theſe different heights have ſuch a relation amongſt | themſelves, that the firſt is larger than the ſecond, in the fame proportion with which the ſecond is larger than the third. We may then make uſe of each of theſe heights, according as they will allow more conveniency in contriving, that the ſeveral Rooms of different dimenſions may have their Arches equally high, and yet with a juſt proportion. By theſe means the Rooms will have an agree- able Aſpect, and the Floor above will be upon a level, and very commodious. There are other proportions for the height of Arches, which have no determinate Rules: and fo they muſt be left to the Architect t to make * of them, according to his — and as he ſees neceſſary. 1 iN CHAP. E. a 3 W Doors, &c. 29 „ 1 wats 1 * g ö 1 4 o n Be } a l 5 ; | 4 Wie Sole. YON „ *** * ZR * = 5 9 S. 17 9 7 * 8 8 5 * N 3 3 £4 8 I. 85 1 * * Iye 2 4 £ ” FR * * WY : N * 33 Ly Fn * e 5 5 1 * q L B 458 . : . : 5 * 1 * * * . * £4 * 2 1. $ e , 2 * : * 53 * 5 . 4 4 ; N. 4 ; k W 1 I Mow 4 * E $204 A * TIER pI 7 8 1 0 n . . * . R TY 2 8 . mor” . * 8 * 2 3 "RK | p64 Bs ; | * Ya: Oh a . 8 1 82 5 So 4 7 4 1 1 A hn - 5 # 3 2 rh 125 8 1920 © 1 a 8 _ KV. e by "the dire, fires. 4 R CH a 5. 4 T 8 , ” . 7 N 2 £54 e 8 % xl HERE: are fix diſſent Sete Arche, vis. e e FR (hols are call'd b, which. are but a” Section of a Cirele) © rownd, grinded, and Eat, „ all Which have in height one third of the breadth” of the Room. The two laſt are but of 4 modern Invention, but the other four were uſed by - the Ancients. Round Archer are fit for quae Roorms : and the: way to make 3 them, ito leave in the four Angles ſonke fort of Muruler Cartooſbes, Conſoles, vr uny ie, to bear the es, which in the middle happens to be flat, but more und, as it cones bester the Angle Such a one is at Rome e 3 Tuined When 1 faw it. I have drawn 5 >» „ hy © H A p. V. EE © Of the Aube, 1 Dooxs and Wixpows | . hr is ndt poſſible to give a n we 4 * 1 | breadth of the principal Gates, or D6ori of Buildings, rior of the Doors and chitect muſt accommodate them to the extent of the Edifice, the quality of the Maſter, and the uſe that is to be made of them, by what goes in, or out of the | fame. The following method ſeems do mie to ſucceed well enough: that is, to and a half (as Yitruvies mentions in his 4th Book, Chap. .6.) and to give two of thoſe parts to the height of the opening; and one to its breadth, wanting a 12th than below, as may be ſeen in a Temple at.73voli.; and Viiruvius teaches the placed in ſuch a manner, that there may be a free coming to them from all parts of the Houſe. Doors within the Houſe ought not to exceed three Foot in | breadth, nor fix and a half in height : nor can they be leſs than five Foot high by two wide. As for the openings of the Windows, one muſt conſider how to place them ſo that the Rooms ſhould not receive too much nor too little Light ; from another. Therefore i in ordering, of them the dimenſions of the Rooms are to be conſider d, becauſe it is plain that a large Room. wants more Light than a little one; and if Windows are made leſs in number and ſmaller than the Building re- quires, the Rooms will be dark: as on the contrary, if they exceed both in num- ber and largeneſs of the opening, they'] I render the Rooms uninhabitable, becauſe of the Air which will bring in, according to the ſeaſons, too much eold, or too much heat; except they are ſituated to a temperate expoſition of the Sun. Vol. I. RK. LA. * 42 g * # 2 8 —— "op E i . 43, % . OS LEO 2 r r my 7 Rt; TT. 42 25 >; * 1 8 > gb L * r 4 * f RN 8 2 4 v "4 3 5 1 , 4 m2 2 27 * * | ng La to the 12 8 of the Rooms ws Rule for the beicht 4 N © Window of Rooms; becauſe, that, for to make the principal Gates, the Ar- divide all the height from the Ground to the firſt Cieling above into three parts | of dhe height. The Ancients were wont to make their Doors narrower above . ſame, perhaps for procuring a greater ſolidity. The great Doors ought to be and that the Windows themſelves be not too cloſe, nor at too great diſtance one = * —- , 2 — 5 5 1 * a bh = 0 8 0 - CY * EPS N Y P A al , 4 2 = = A K 1 - N CET » F * f } wa 7 ES 2 6. 4 4 by Fu * o 0 fr ; W \ N * * 4 TI. & WF» 47 v —_—_ SR © * wy" bly Wo Ls „ 3 "y FS \ N. 5 . y > < . : NN 5 * 5 * 75 * : n 1 r k ö *. n, 2 IR 9 0 n 0 N 28 . i . . | hh 2 5 1 e . 5 ; » L «8 \ be 33 2 ＋ . 1 5 > lt 2 * ay. kf hy r I 4 5 - g þ 1 of q . 5 o F k * AT] Cw . $ N { , "DIY » «4, 14.08 - Ws $4 wa 5 * 8 IS — 4 © . . TS". = ® , « « .+< r ” * 6 + l 4 2 , £ # - tr 4 N = 8 "25 þ * 0 7 * \ Oo 8 » * 7 \4 . " : * N. 6 7 5 > * 4 \ — * 4 2 4 * - mA «x l 8 is " WW — A 9 14-4 8 ( a , * ' 4 W ws 4 ML * « br . — 4 þ 4 > Sp a wh F 1 * C 1 2 — : 5 * MF 3 5 V N - NDS * * 1 "4 - 4 © + N = 4» K 4451 # vor * * We, n enn 7 F r * * ; $ ST 1 3b. + * 2 5 LY 5 , 0 8 9 . as 8 _ 4 : a i: 3 — 29 2 4 2 & 2 , 1 bay \ \ , n * 45 91 N er \ mo oa f * . ow It 8 $ {Cot 15 Te — Lan þ Ty TER. A 4 * J — de . ; n N PR : I v4 . 1 5 Ti y * 4 o WS l * 4 * * * 8 7 % * * V * 4 þ 4 — . 1 2 * 4 7 8 4 * 7 W 1 0 * — 4 A 9 * 4 I * — Yo ** \ 2 , N e Ys. by * * F We OF, Po * 2 be * Y * 8 4 © * WH. k I . F * 7 3 N | N 0 f * 42 7 * 5 1 2 x pO ES - er „ . — - oy n 4 5 * (ON be - F * * — . * & W 1 * 1 * 8 * whe of 1 N 0 Py 3 - 5 Fs i wh” 2 * 1 * 1 1 3 * 3 4 9 * * * ke. * " 5 — * 1 * ; 2 . 2 h 5 K £ J * 8 5 — . erat 4 WOW F * 16 4 — * * h * = go 2 1 * g = * 5 % * 34 * x 1%% * 5 1 8 F ©! F 2 * 1 * # a b N * i Y = Ln. * $ = t 4 - 4 * | : 82 . * 5 $ . 1 » . 40 * e 7 2 * g A * * 4 1 4 N 4 bv * 8 ef 4 = * kw 1 N . | : 25 5 4-4 4, Fa # y } * 8 4 N * * 25 * * = * y <; + . 8 1 " 4 4 4 F % F 5 4 E. 4 \ £ 7 i oy * $ 1 % W * 8 * — , 8 * ” TI . 15 0 * \ * * 19 1 8 - k 2 3 4 1 * * 4 * | J * * s — 8 — x o * - * 4 * 2 4 b a * N * — he © a * Ba 4 1 ' * - * * — a * 4 * * 4 * 8 ; * * * 7 pg? A #+ MET | EY 15 | » 0 a c 5, * * , * * * * : » C — * % * * » * * on po v * = 2 * =. - * 1 4 <« WS... F * we = Y : Y 2.8 & 0 t = * * * » % 5 t > - 4 F ** — * by » x . > ">< 4 3 7 CY - bel ho a * N of * 4 7 Wea * — % J * o 5 * * & * „ 9 * * 1 5 8 WI * 3 9 * - v * * * - wy; N 0 * *. A * 1 * 7 ö £% * 7 <3 43 4 . | theſe Reaſons, the breadth of the opening of the Window ought Scribe fourch-pare of that of the Rooms, nor to be Jah chan the fGiſth : hey wolt like- D _—_ 0h wiſe have in height two Squaie and Part: And becauſe a Houſe i: . made of ſeveral Rooms, ſome of 8 large, EF » nal and ſome of a middle . rr d oF the fame Story are tobe equal, + I chuſe to take the meaſure, of them on the dimenſion of thoſe Rooms whoſe _ 1 e har the upon the void, and the ſolid upon the Ft they require to be upon the ſame Line, chat one may fee throught from. one end VN 3 ; | of the Houſe to the other, which is very beautiful and cool in the Sum | li N | has many conveniencies beſides. + . 18 | Eo _ Fox (olidity's ſake certain Ærbes are turn d over the Cornices of Doom and v8 | * Windows, which Workmen call Blat- Arches, to prevent ide Doors.and Wilidows FE from being preſi'd with too much weight, which is of no little importance forthe | Aleaſting of the Building. The Windows muſt be diftagt from the Carners ft + 3 Building as much as poſſible, as I have obſerv'd before ; becauſe that part whoſe f ; Office. is to ſupport, bind, and faſten all the reſt of the F - = open and weaken d. The Pilaſters, Jambs, or Cherks of Doors and Windows ce nottobe dicker than the fifth part of the breadth ef th | chan che ſixth. 1 remains to ſee their Omaments. Sac b . x £ 85 'F 4 i 0 9 5 . g 7 4 5 & T - - 2 4 84 S. Bol og 4 "Ws. 5 ” 7 te 70 the” 1 1 ” « » P 0 XX ö 2 * a 2 1 — 8 - ; — 4 „ \ * : * * a 1 55 = Of the Ornaments of Doors and\WinDows. 1 — * — — "ag * with the bets of the bakery av anc 67 made by the molt Reverend Ba- Baro upon that Subject, together with what I have ſaid and defign d already about che five Orders: wherefore leaving theſe things, I ſhall only give here ſome Orna- ments of the Doors and Windows of Chambers, in the manner that they may be variouſly made; and will alſo ſhew the method of profiling grace, and its ue Prejecture. The Ornaments which are > given to Doors and Windows, are the Architrave, Frize, and Cornice: The Hrchitrave turns about che Door, and ought to be as thick as its Fambs, or Pilafters : which (as I have ſaid) muſt not be leſs than the ſixth part of the breadth of the opening, nor more than a fifth. The dimenſions of the Frize and Cornice are alſo taken from the ſame opening. Of the two following i inventions the firſt, that is che u a is meaſur d thus. , 2 3 0 ” *: * « ? N PR i — » 5 . 3 —— I; 2 _ 9 aw. f — * Tur + 7 8 © - "BG: 'S; K 9 F 1 4 Jo | Ne * G * = DEE 530 © Tus e eee, Ae 4 flh F P of the opening} is divided into four equal parts, three: of white alloy d for 2 r and five, like them; will make the C, The Ahr hirrove is again divided into ten parts,/ the firſt. Fo/cig takes up three, the ſecodd four; and the three remaining are ſubdivided into five, two of which are for the Regwla, | Lift], the three others fot the Cimaqwoer/a + its Projefure in dul to its height ; | the Reguls projets leß than half of its thicknek. The Cima rever/a'is made in the following manner: a ſtrait Line being drawn from the wnderneath;; of the Regula to the upper part of the ſccohd Faſcis, that Line is divided into two parts, ſo as each of theſe halk is the Baſe of 1 that i \of two e- qual fides; aud on the Angles oppox'd to theſe Baſes the ud ſoot of the Com- 1 e >" Irgls.0s rawn. they'll form the * Cima E Fixe, wh ern paſts. of the ee Aide i into four, 1 made the Convex of a portion of a Circle leſs than the Semicirclez its largeſt diameter falling gl over the Cimaſum of the Arcbitrave. The five parts al- low'd for the Cornice, are diſtributed to its Members in this manner; one is given to the Caverto with its Lila (chich is a fiſth part of the ſaid Cavetto) the pro- jecture of which Caverro: B two thirds of its height. To deſign it, one muſt form | | Thcel, che center of which. is e here) the Angle C; ſo that the Ca- become the Boſe of the Triangle. Another of the ſaid five parts is given une. The pr. e of it is alſo the two thirds of its height, and is like form'd.by the help of an Ice! triangle, its Center being at the point H. The aber hure part af the ſive, are ſubdivided. into 175 eight for the Corona with. its Laſfali, of which.that'above makes one of the eight part; and that which kes, the hollow of the Cruua, has but a ſixth part of the Ovelo. E ets nine: are ſor the Cima recta and ite Regula, which is a third of the faid Cima. the ſaid Cima of an elegant form and juſtneſs, the ſtrait line | "AB ic drown. e one of theſe two parts is ſubdivided into ſeven, whereof ſix being taken at the point D, one muſt draw the two Triangles AEC, and CBF: then on the points E and F a foot of ee . the rr, of the Cu. AC, and CB, will form the 1 Cima nes, & Tux Agb en of. ee ,inpention big is the Wee is likewiſe divided into faur parts; which) are given to the height of the Frize, and five like them to the Cornice. The Architrave is again divided into three parts, two of which being ſubdivided into ſeven, three are for the lower | Faſcia, and four fre the other Ihe third part of the divided into nine parts, of Architrave | two whereof i is made the Mragal, and the ſeven remaining, being ſubdivided i into five, three are for the Cima reverſa, and two for the Orlo, or Regula. Fus height t of the Cornice is divided into five parts and three quarters. One | of which being ſubdivided into. fix parts, five are given to the Cima reverſa above 1 Exth for its Liftel; the Projefture of the ſaid Cima is equal to TI * | the Frize,. -and; the its height, as is that of the Lift The Ovolo takes the ſecond part of the height of the Cornice, and its Projecture is three quarters of its height; the Liftel above the Ovols is a fixth of it, and projects juſt as much. The other three parts of the height of the Cornice are ſubdivided i into 17, eight of which are for the Corona, whoſe projecture is one third more than its height. The other nine are ſubdivided into four parts 3 three are = the Cima refa, and one for the Orlo or Lifella. | The Plate XXXV. ; or * N * $ . 58 : Fee. | 8 1 pe : 2 * 2 om * . Kn 4 dp +3 7 . N : 1 * i N FFW. RO oe + 3 ay" 3 % 5 * * 7 . * 2 A . 1 : * - . | : Meh * 1 F, * * * id d | 538 OY 0 f E Ne 0 . as el , XY — "7 4 . 5 1 6 bY ' | * 8 ; . by - Pas” x. 2 6 - * C $44 * 1 * 4 a * 8 4 — 7 5 N # : e p 1 9 5 | n * * 4 i 2 7 os _ > JS W 34 BK * 4 . By i 1 4 , 3” 12 = 4 3 82 5 8 7 x8. *% 3 3s - "My 1 * 1 . 2 5 * - * « LES r : g : ; , - l 5 R 7 * F £ . 5 N ; 1 mow 4 4 of „ Y : 5 a ; ; , N REL" PIs 5 2 . e ' „ I IS 8 8 a * 50 Ew. $3. \ 1 5 * 1 ; ji . x. - 4 * * 7 4 £ . ” - Y 2 * * : * v py 1 ws Firſt F. ys ORE —F „„ V. Second ben. N | De 3 Ern or "ſwelling of the Eise. V x T. Part of the Frise which enters into the Wall. : | | * Oy theſe two other inventions following, the Architrave of the firſt mark'd FE, is likewiſe divided into four equal parts, three and a quarter of which make the height of the Friae, and five lice the them is the height of the Cornice. © The | Architrave, being divided into eight parts, five are given to the Plum ku chte to the Cimaſium ; which Gimaſfium is ſubdivided into eight, three for the Cima re- verſa, three for the Cavetto, and two for the Orlo or Regula. The height of the Cornice is divided into fix parts, two are for the Cima rea with its Orb or Re- ęula, and one for the Cima reverſa with its Liſtella. The Cima ref is divided into nine, eight of which are for the Corona with its Liftella. The Afragal, or Tondino, above the Frize, is but a third of one of the ſaid fix parts; and what remains between the Corona and the Afragal, is left for the Cavetto. Ix the next Invention the Architrave mark d H, is divided into four parts : | the Frize is as high as three and a half of them, and the Chrnice as five. The Architrave being again divided into eight, the Faſcia takes five, and the three others are for the Cimaſium: which Cimaſium being ſubdivided into ſeven, where- of the Affragal takes one; the fix are again ſubdivided into eight, three of which are for the Cima reverya, three for che Cavetto, and two for the Orlo; or Regula. Tus whole height of the nde is. ide into fix parts and three quarters. The Cima reverſa, Ovols, and Dentilli take three. The Cima projects as much as its ſquare, the Dentilli project as much as two of three parts of their height, and the Ovolo as three of four parts. The Cima reverſa, between the Cima recta and the Corona, is made of the three quarters of a part of the firſt diviſion. The three remaining parts are ſubdivided into 17. Nine of which are for the great Cima with its Orlo, or Regula; and eight for the Corona. This Cornice 5 Prafecture i is equal to its height, or thickneſs, as the other aforclaid. * Plate XXXVI. They made 42 Room, with er or Madiliens . N 1 form, which: covey'd. away the Smoak. Of. that. kind one may be ſeen. at Baie near the Fiſh-pond af Nez and; another near Civita-vecehia. D And when they. did not care to have any. Chi they uſed to make Pipes, or Funnel in the thickneb of the Walls, through which. acended the heat of the | fire which was kept under the Rooms, and {o was c convey. d thro! icertain ents, or Valves that were at the top of the ſaid, Pipes, or Renner. Much' like this the Gen- tlemen of the Family of Trents in the Ficentin refreſh.in the Summer the Chambers of their 4 ils at 42 Nara. For that Building 1 is fituated upon Hilla, in which are 21 rall'd by the Inhabitants Covali; which in former times were uppoſe, Vitruvias means in his ſecond Book, wherein, ſpeak- he tells us that in the Trevizar there is; à ſort of Stone which is 65 4 A Timber. © From, theſe Caves ariſe extreme cold Winds, which theſe Gentlemen introduce into their Houſe, through erta ſubterranean Vaults, named by chem Yencidudts : and by the means op, Pipes or Funnels, like to thoſe | whereof I have ſpoken make through all the Chambers, open- Ing and ſhutting had Wore to 8 5 105 z of that cold Air, according. to the Seaſon. And though this place would be wonderful, were it only — ſingular conveniency, nevertheleſs that which renders it ſtill more amin. and worthy to be ſeen,*is another place call d the Priſon of the Winds ; which is a ſub- terranean Room contnv'd by Signior Franciſco di Trenti, named "by him olia, that is, the Palace of oli, in which many of theſe Mind. Pipes, or Ventiducts, ate diſcharg'd : and to render it beautiful = worthy of this name, he has ſpared neither pains) nor coſts of any ſort. But to return to our Chimneys, we Maderns "Y place the Furnnels of che Chimneys i in the thickneſs of the Walls, and carry them quite through the Roof, and higher than che ridge, chat they may 1 better carry the Smoak away into the Air. One muſt take care that the Funnels be made neither too wide, nor too narrow: for if. e be too wide, the Wind hav- ing a great deal of toom to' play in, Will drive back the Smoak into the Room; and if they at too narrow, the Smq K, turn backwards. Therefore the Chimney Funnel; of Chambers are not to be made narrower than half a Foot, nor larger than nine Inches; ; and in length two Foot and a half, The mouth of the Pyramide, where it meets the Funnel, muſt be a little narrawer, that in caſe the Smoak happens to come back, it ſhould put a ſtop to its returning into the Room. Some make the Funnels crooked, think- ing that by the winding of them, and the force of the Fire, which naturally drives the Smoak upward, it cant return back into the Room. The Chimney- tops, or openings by which the Smoak goes out, muſt be broader, and free . any combuſtible matter. The Fambs and Mantle Trees of Chimneys, on which the Funnels lie, muſt be curiouſly wrought ; for as to Ry/tich-work, it does not look well, unlels it de i in a very large Building, for the Reaſons aforemention d. Vor. I. 8 L | CHAP. of the Chimneys made e not having : a free Paſlage, will alſo re- | 1 . 5 \ —_ * 1 HARE 4 ; a Wo 7 N as * ww | x r . * 8 * 3 £*F K 5 SY = ; 19 50 N hs 4 on. N 5 i 1s 4 An Z N= T's 23 7 „„ CO BTI ET a gd Ga Woe, 4 N 7. . 8 9 8. 5 of 8 10 * * N 5 a Eee is pp may not be a dere che a that no Par of che b eee Are 1 1 Pulling ge eee, fr-ca The fieſt G may be ſeen . part e e, tor! at this rate it will 17 67 much leger: ) and eaſy to be found. Tus ſecond opening is that ef the Windows] into the Stairs, They ought 66 be in de müde, and Stairs may be every where inlighten'd.” The chird open by which one enters into the RG DIG REY largeſt places, fair and well dH . | je? S AINeAs Es will be perleck, if they are ff 750 : as if, in ſome fort, they ſeem d to invite People to mount. k Te wake them light: 5 ſome, they muſt have a perfect Light, that, as I faid,” difp . 1 | "all parts. As to their ſpacioulneſs, 'twill be enough, if in | Ml * - andi quality of the Fabrick, they do not appear too little, no Wi. vertheleſs they mult never be narrower than four Foot, to the end that if two Per- F bons meet, they may commodiquſly paſs one by the other They will be conve- nient enough. with regard to the whole Building, if the Hebe une il. - | are made ſo large as to hold ſome Goods, or other necellaty thitigs ; and conve- 44 zient likewiſe for the Perſons that come up. and down, if the Stairs are not too —_ | | ſteep, nor the ſteps too high. Therefore they muſt be twice as long as broad. | as The Steps ought not to exceed fix Inches in beght; and if they be lower, they 5 muſt chiefly be ſo to long and continued Stairs, for they v will be o much the N Wo | becauſe one needs not lift the Foot ſo high: but they muſt never be. lower than four Inches. The breadth of the Steps ought not to be lefs than a Foot, \ than a Foot and a half. The Ancients uſed to make the Steps of ati "odd number, | do the end that beginning to aſcend with the right F ot, they might end with the 105 fame Foot, which they took to be a good Omen, and a ,greater mark of ref "15 | ſo to enter into the Temple. It will be ſufficient to put elexen or thirteen eps at moſt to a flight, before one comes to half. pace, thus to he p weak People, and i | | — els * * — A r Re ISS ” . * : * 1 * 1 , ”_ e, : . n — , 1 - - > — . : Baſes DF, . oe — * 4 "I o 0 3 — 7 ' EEE OS YI , © | * 0 8 | N * 5 2 ws 8 . i” OED x * : 5-77 8 * - van N „ Py” 5 * * : A a _— a 8 > = 9 * 7 5 7 * — rde 1 rr e ; "3, 28 25 . 2 —— * . g 1 * L * | TK 75 D B 1 ; <1 5. go 2 _—_____ FE © + "RM , & l — 0 P i | eee - eee os IPs FN a ee : - ⁰˙ 1 A — 3 . * 7 — — * , . 5 N ä 3 — * = 1 r — 1 3 - £ * 1 — — 5 : 2 5 \ „ 3 - — 9 — — — I * © « " bat”, > — po y : 2 e 5 | — 8 ! a a * an * * * — = — 2 PO * - — * — D - - . N * b - - W — = p — Ny : * >» . b Wie _— PE" own "+ 8 4 SOA = > , < \ — a « : * b road ANT | 2 n . x GE ” 2 n N 1 þ \ . 4 — N - | 8 e r 8 i i ; c „ . * —_— ny : P . a * « . ene 4 ſo. ES ” . a » a * 4 7 p — 5 — e hy — 1 Sr 4 * - _ I a r - * » — W wo — : a 2 « N 5 Wy - ” — * © v a * — 2 * — — g 1 y . ; e Lo a ” n _ * 9 "ye 4 7 =- 4 to - 4 2 rn SR GR ot - „ » 4 =y of or - s 5 4 0 ba 9 ; N N __ A © 1 * » 4 N . . - * — N a * 1 4 8 8 8 = 3: by: 4 * i 2 8 2 1 * * * * N 3 . . + 5 3 XY „ 88 2 1 E — — r = * «i nnn — ** 4 ar I Pas co gr >- 5 — ſhort breath, that they might reſt a little, and that if pang from above, it may ſtop there. N * STAIRS are made either ſtrait, or winding. be N to fal 492 * It Why 42 58 ns _ 2 * BL Ts 3 divided into two Branches, or Paſſages, or quite quare, In ſuch a manner that they turn on four ſides. To make them in this laſt. manner, all the e ſpace muſt be divided into four parts, whereof two muſt be for the Stairs, and two for the va- * Plate XLI. cancy t may be Made ether * - > 7 | be made with's Walt v rithin, and the within th > parts which arc 8 85 the Stairs, the W: Wedel which takes che C/ or Meisel; tho e 0 ty "26 do f A . Dh de in. | Theſe ; — PRE Ne El N 35 ee 1 | ns for Winning 2 which Cans call'd Celle. S. Giri, ſome ape 10 und. q oval, {ys the r eme . nr . great deal ian the fone! pet not ſo e pen in the middle are very hand- | ſome, 122 * ly have ge 5 .from 7 and that thoſe which are a nay fe thoſe who ave com ng 5 pp, and are alſo ſeen by th „ EIT Test which have a , U Aale are made in this manner. The | " g divided. iritet | beir rec 1 ty are given, | to the Steps, and the third is for the Mel, as in "the Delign 3 mark'd"A :. or otherwiſe the diameter may be divided into feveh | Parts three of which are for the Wewel, and four. for the Steps. 9 | - this mannet Is the Stair" aſe. of the Column of Tra jan at Rome: and if v the Stairs are made circular, as. in the Deſi B, * vill, Fe and longer | - chan if they were made n bare le 1 + BUT as is may happen that the Hees ill nor give raum for MON en OY - | then the diameter may be reduced and divided, Moody, as, it is here ee i, Tun dian nn the in mak be divided into four * „ parts, two of which are for the Steps and two for the middle. PT | Bxs tos the aforeſaid forts of Stairs, there has been another ſort of ill Stairs, invented by Signior Marc- Antonio Barbaro, a Gentleman of Venice, of an excellent Judgment, Which i is very convenient for narrower places. It has no | Newel in the middle, and the Steps being winding or circular, are much longer: its diviſion is the ſame as the aforeſaid. Sce the Deſign EF. 11 Tos k which are Oyal, are divided in the fame manner, As the round; they are very handſome and pleaſant, becauſe all the Windows and Doors are in the nile and at the” head of the Oval, and are very commodious. I have m one open in the middle, at che Monaſtery of Brit a Penis which i wichou 5 AY * and has had a v ry good Succeſs. . af * . * A. Winding or coclle Stairs with « New! in the mide. N ws. LE. B. The ſame wirs cifcula- 55 C wa 8 The Jams wich ene! : ; * E Stairs ofen in the oY Ee = - I -P oO [ Stairs oft 7 in the lu. NE T2 8 ws = _ N 0 Oval-Stair with a Navel. 6 5 . 8 1 Strait ſquare Stairs open in the middle, bo | aig Fes * | We Another with paar Wall in the ld =} #" - . Trzax is another on handfome 1 manner of Stairs, which the ma rſt, cauſed to be made in the Caftle of "wg near mous King Francis the F Arlt Blais i in France. Ti built i in this manner. "There are four Stair-caſes, which | 4 | have Plate XXXVIL + Plate XXXVIIL ** Plate XXXIX. ++ Plate XL, *+ Plate XIII. * 2 — 898 _ * - = 2 2 r : — . — 2 * 2 — by 4 l N —_ wy * * — — o * „ RI 3 a a — + A Z * 1 2 — 7 » * <= > = = _ " Mt Y — 1E * 3 3 | * nt * Y 1 l — ay» r — Bn EF * . - . N 8 * RY wn NE — 1 D ww * . — n my PG _—.,. 4 o "6 ER o . _ — — — - 0 7 gf l * ” 1 vo i - 2 SG — e 2 pc 5 2 Rm 2 2 a « 3. £44 ; ho * * J : I - 4 - - p — > — * be — at — N * — — 9 „ PR 8 * _ 2 $a 0 8 * 3 PAC - TP, - _— : 4 — Ei, 8 * 7 ay xn cf 2 —— 3 .- of . - 0 . — - — = yt lay. * . 933 209 , „ 5 4 * 2 — 4 — — 4 a p. E 0 — - 2 : : . . 2 3 . : : 4 % D ö * 2 — I * . —* n by * * e 2 8 if ” — a = 2 4 1 * 5 * — — T ” 5 hes s - 3-0 Le. 5 - t by: G 3 w I* 7 . er 1 _ — * — * K p ag 7 * by SAWS 91 BY . . . eee. EW 2 TN" : * - p "—_—_ MG; * A1 * e * 9 9 — F Raw p *. y Ir eee e ä 3 ht it on . = * X e ' g * * 4 a b N 4 N F "Pp * 9 , e "RET „ - =. Th 3 p nt - ENT 5 — — * | a! . , = 3 A _ 1 - : _ 2 2 * P 15 * wenn 5 4 4 ö n 8 ” . of - - y G Re * 7 x 4 o * * * \ - 4407 >. » ty N = J pa.) as * * = l » 2 24x Tm ty « 0 ® 7 — 2 « * STAT NETS . l — n * N 5 N I F Na 1 A eo} wo De y 8 1 p : L N 2 Y . y 7 2 4. of \ . MN * 2 . * 2 = * 4 * * &Y © = - I SEP * - M ANY 1 „ g LED x it wv 1 — bo "> 8 2 r — r r r "i "oY tes in IS ae ©, oi abt 4 — — — 8 8 umn, N ee 035” Pug 97 95>. * x . 1 * eee eee, 3 P 3 7 9 2 — #6 O 3 | ter, three Stairs of the fame kind of an admirable form; | #iddte of the Edifice, and where they could not an: ms 922 but from-a- bove, the Architect had ſet them u have * Spez one entry to esch: and they g 1 ey” ver.” yet b open in | 3 | vithout Jae one anther. "This Invention being new and beautiful, 1 *have.. . L 6.1 r neo IN * * . k | p * bY. 3 . 4 *. N. * 5 1 * ap ks , * , A — * aff toi CERN 3 NE n r * e —_— es r n * N 1 * * 1 OY WY Is. * . 0 9 N e þ 2 7 | oy 0 a Ways | 7 20 . , a 8 T4 2 a — 5 5 , © N t 3 F * 8 * | 1 | 2 . 7 F . tot * 1 a 4 nn l 5 N N * A "6, 5 4 5 *' "738 $4 try =. 7 80 15 BT 3 ; 4s ? Ke: V+ "Y F T9 py „ 4 . 7 WP a 0 - * 4 by 4 55 v.44 bi ö 5 ; 5 . OY 5 Ss Co Re 5 " 4 ot 1 4 8 N | 13 Wy F 3 8 F * * 7 5 N 5 $ * 7 i * S 25 . * n . bx % 7 r y 1 4 IR N 5 * . b — * » Kg N ST 5 n BY we « 2 ig 9H n : . 1 i y ws | OR 2 . 6 4 oF x e 1 oy, 88 be Ya : 4 e « . ; 8 5 N * a ok A * L q WH en - "FIR 5 Fi FR 8 8 2 thy 4 * v4 + * x Wt 1 * | wehiteare, of vY GY L . . 2 4 8 * So | #4 \ 17 , + « x : * HG : 2 n % & N A 8 0 | : n 2 . "TR Bs 5 N | 4 _ 855 N 1 . 4 I , that being, gad in the middle of the Building, it m- ; Jo that it is not poſſible to go from. one into the ther; an in the maiddle,; they all fee ach other going up. and. do here r articy 18 on . ag 2 Fo 141 af + AC OT INN 1 were als 01 "FRED N 3 obe quar- being placed 5 in the Px; % 5 : ©? I E " SON » LY on Columns, 'to the end . the light might Aiſtribute it ſelf toall parts alike, According . this A Bramante, the moſt skilful Architect in his time, made one at but without Steps, having the four Orders of Architecture, Dorick, Jamiek, Critebion and Compoſite. To make thoſe Srair-caſer, the whole ſpace! muſt be divided into four parts, two whereof ate for the void ſpace in the middle, and one on et fide of the Steps and Columns. There are many other faſhions of Srair-caſes.1 in ancient Edi- fices, as Tiangular; and. of this fort are thoſe of the Cupola of St. Maria No- tunda, which are open in the middle, and receive Light from abo re. * In the ame City thoſe which. are in the Church of Sanffo Apoſtolo, * ah Monte Cavallo, are very fine; they 'v were. double, and many Have fince take: Mo- dels thereof: they led to a Temple Teated on the top of e Mountain, as ; will ap. pear in my Book of Temples ; and of this ſort of Stairs, is the laſt amon 3 * DN * 83 1 v2: | * > | | ; | | I 4 P | 5 | XXI >. 4 | > 5 ; - 0 . . ; | | N i TY 3 : * . 7 ; 4 N 7 . * i . i N | SR e * 5 g 2 f ; . x ; : b 1 ? « _ * 1 : ; b I. £3 - 2 'AVING rais'd the Walls to their e 15 2 0 88 the Wr laid the Joyſts of the Floors, brought up the Stairs, and perform'd all thoſe | things we have ſpoken of hitherto, we are now to raiſe the Roof, which embracing every part of the Building, and with its weight equally preſſing upon the Walls, is as a band to all the Work. Beſides that it defends the Inhabitants from Rain, from Snow, from the burning of the Sun, and from the moiſture of the Night ; it is ald of no ſmall help to the Building, caſting off from the Walls the Rain- water, which altho' for a little while it 8255 to do but little hurt, yet in proceſs of time cauſes much damage. Yitrwoius ſays that the firſt Men built their Houſes with flat Roofs, but finding that thereby they were not ſufficiently defended from the Weather, neceſſity made them raiſe the middle, in order to give the Water its Current. Theſe Rooks are to be raisd to a higher or lower pitch, according to the Country in which they are. Wherefore in Germany they raiſc he Rook to a very high pitch and ſharp, by reaſon of the great quantity of Snow that falls there; covering them with Singles, which are ſmall pieces of thin Wood, for fear they ſhould be cruſh'd by he great weight of the Snow. But we, who dwell in a more temperate Country, ought to chuſe a Roof of a handſomer form, al- lowing only a ſufficient Current for the Water. Therefore the breadth of the 2 Building * Plate XLIII. 4 mn on LEE RIS... hot e , CY " A, * , de WF, inne ' PST op . " . 5 , 1 » N 2 Ps . o - 7 SY * 9 5 þ ; s o D . 2 y « N «May * Þ \ | 2 5 | * - = * + & * p 8 worry: g * 7 1 „ 7 ol y 1 1 2 — 753 "I +. . Ge Y * a » * 1 * — L bas n : : 4 * 443 ' * 10 1 * * "2 * 4 1 % * 0 — , . * o 4 1 5 5 - # 1 o 2 4 k d ® er 5 a \ 2 * . * . 54 * * K * ay ; (4 1 hg * 4 * 4 * 4 7 = n y * 8 4 * N * * LS * vo; 4 0 4 5 6 0 'J; - * F e > 2400) $ - , * bee +4 p ' N * * N 5 \ \ New 6 * o 7 5 5 a » 3 h * * i » 1 * 1 a+ * 1 7 * * L oF N T% of \ A * * © 4 1 * C * Pn . — \ * 1 : N * 5 k 7 4 br. Y , 1 „ 0 dy L ( 1 F * 2:5 0 2 1 : \ 8 2 3 DIES 5 is ' * 1 x 4 — « F , 4 a 3 " : A x1 * k G * 1 28 Fw mY > : 1 os ww - \ , * 7 { — « 4 * q wh of dy þ * k ” 8 * 4 8 i * », 5 * » - * pe 5 ? o : 1 * F - x 1 1 4 4 4 * * 4 * dz U 2 hy a * 7 3 4 | : W * \ ; F IK ; + 5 > Y ” ; 7 * 5 1A X % > I d gl * g 2 + p * * * 1 - . > 5 * £ * ol * „ . 5 = — i G * . 1 * 4 4 { * Nb 1 * Wer * 5 * r * * "1 - 4 * LES. += 5. = will be a ſufficient- | becauſe if it was done of a fourth, the Roof would be too ſtiff; = =" ang : | Slates, would hardly remain upon it; and in gitonly of a fifth, it would J be fo flat, that che Tyles and the Snow muſt lie tog heavy upon them. Gutters | 4 are commonly made round the Houſes to oe off Rein- Water by Pipes, or | | Spouts: and over theſe ought to be laid at leaft a Foot and a half of Wall, be- cauſe they will be not only thereby the ut S but when fat” SER eh a "I — eter at. Jus "aw ” Ms OT TS TY CT =. — : 1 0 by _ 1 . oh ? 4 a0 == 9 3 — = = 9 = = = A td 1 « = = 1 * q y of . * me hn, oi Rr > 1 a. | 2 8 1 3 9 "i. 4 * q \ - ue; < - * «7 \ 0 [ 0 Y \ © - 0 * N . *, 6 * — * \ BY EE | * 3 vos wy 3 * Wo, 1 * 5 i : 4 - als N A ; * Ry a L \ b 9 * | $ a N V Wh. "KA ** Kos * * nn . e. NS "0g . 3 5 & M55 1 LAH N rg RES 4 | Od bhp! 4-4 ; 5 7 : e nk . 2 ! 8 ] 34 a 7 * 9K 1 * * N * 8 . 5 * $ 1 * . « . ; k 2 * Y 1 1 . r 1 1 F * . * * *. par * » b þ Te * 3 5 1 * 1 9 Bi b * 8 83 # IR : N 3 py < Kay's 7 A : : 2 | oy tk BE: 1 * * * „ . J WINS ( k * t I: W - FVV : . TRE J 4 4 | Ws. R 7 In 6 : 8 7 ' wa *, "# . 17 55 ; "= $a - 8 * 3, Te FF $3927 iy 5 978 — . 1 4. ; 1 N 1 % Stele 0 5105 1 50 ry _ al 1 0 wo 4 "2 5g 10 50 ale al gain | KATY * 2 M7 7 * 1 1 FAN 1 1811 8 me Beis £77 oY TIP we Wo * * 0 . Plate 823 lil ld 1g en . Aa ti Theatre of Maretilut; but the upper Mende and under ones of the Corona are - LAT ntl Ae a and TA LRNEETT PLATE V. This Wall is of the T Auguſtus. I have often obſerved that ſuch : Walls have a grand look. In the Book of An-+ * tiquities you will find theſe manner of Walls in various Places. PLATE VIL The Walls of the Town of: 4 Naples are of this ſort. PLANS A. The Impoſt of the Taſtes . SITE OR ee 1 part of the Filler of PLATE XI. k. The Pedeſtal ds in height, and made quite plan. dee Vitr: Vius lib. 3. fol. 142. N I. The Baſe with one Boultel, of Toru, is Ty 8 taken from Yitruvins, and. it an an- tique Baſe at Spoletto, Serlio fol. 5 "and. | the ſame Baſe is to the Columns "Th . jan and Antoninus. . - PLATE XII. F. The Architrave of the Tuf | can Order is made of Wood, as hi as is broad, and the breadth is not to excee the body of the Column under the Copleal: © : Sec the firſt Deſign of this Order. The Mouldings of the Baſe Q. Capital I. Freeze and Cornice, are taken from the Arena of Yerona, and of other Antiqui- ties and Amphitheatres. : The Wave, or Cola Dritta, and Fillet I. inſtead of the Ovolo, in my Judgment is A gracious. | The Cimaſia and Fillet G, is not uled, It very good. P. This Wave, or Gola Reverſs, is put in the place of a Torus. This Invention is partly taken from the Por- tico of Pompeio Serlio, fol. 55. PLATE XIV. The Trigliph over the Key- ſtone does well; the Key-ſtone is to be half the diameter at the bottom of the Column, and alſo the ſaid Key-ſtone is to be accord- ing to the Column; but thoſe of Scamog gi are better, which are by the height of the Architraves; therefore the Key-ſtones are _ ſlender as the Order is ſlender. | A. The Impoſt of the Arch is 5 part of the Pilaſters or Jambs C, in height from A +26 PLATE XV. L. This Ovolo Roſtrato is uſed in all the Cimaſia's following, and is taken from the Temple of Mars the Revenger, lib. 4. Plate 11. and of many other Temples I have obſerved. B. This Cimaſia is too little. The Attick Baſe. Sce the Temple of "PR chus, Plate 67 3 that of Tivoli, Plate 713 20 i 7 a> Wo he 6 oy" =: fit 01 Mie! 50 3d &1 Pf: 5 2 1 . ii 007 s oc bow Jools any _ val & Io Scioh 25 25 1 ae 95 © 7 L 0 r a 4 BY | Module || n n 9 EONS „ EL * 1 Ma ws "OE um 8 2 ſes 1 Fg bes 4 L 4 l 2 — Pe 4 __ p 0 y 8 * 8 * 4 HS. \ OT gr & * : : 4 ö 4 S'-] , 1 « *. 4 8 g x a : Y 5 8 TY. My we; Þ 5 1s. TOR £4. The . * + 4 F 2 4 Ws - Ta = 7 | 6 : 7 - 5 4 Pye x # 6 p — . „ F OY 8 3 5 d N 2 1 . , p L - * * ny 4 0 of a Wd * + * 1 £ 7 * ; 3 8 of * n Ia, q * 0 N * 8 5 x * BE , NEL ay e G * ISA 8 r 5 2 0 a Fw i LR,” y \ « nt . RIG ot ung. 8 ; wes fp Rs 2 ws. "Fo 5 . 15 2 - * N 1 r _— * *s is * 10 Pts - * 4 PR" 7 BY Ni 7 ny = \ n 8 by 2 19. be 7 oe" a — 1 A N A ; prob F WE * 4% 8 Y * N 8 3 8 * 4 k bi * i «i „ vos 1 * 95 ; * 12 85 a . & þ W/ 1 ">. 1 2 8 * S By * . * f 1 5 * 4 þ +» 3 J : * -r oy x 2 . S: bf YT . re hs bs ve. WE YE, * ©. yaxied, the Freeze is taken entirely from te aid Theatre of Aarcelins : The Architrave _ - is taken n þ + Baſes. TS ER and Serlis lib. 4. | „ 30. *- 1 PLATE XVII. A. This Key-ſtone is half the | ® blame o tc Ol ch bom, and 'PDATE III. Palladd 1 | 4 Pette chan that deſcribed by Vitruviat; this Attick Baſe with a ſmall Boultel ot Torus B, Under the * 2 This Baſe is taken from . oy \ the Tem Peace, Plate 4, and from the ple = ove, Plate 32, and from the 1 of Mars, Plate 45. The Cimaſia G is taken from the T of Nervs, Plate 17. The Cimaſia G G is taken from the ſecond Tony of Niſines, Plate 94, but varied cry much from it, and has an Ovolo oyer the e Wave, and a Boultel and Cimbia in- ſtead of the Caſement; it may be called Palladios own Invention. When there is a Caſement, or Gola, the pe- Aaeeſtal H Has no Cimbia, for that will ſerve inſtead of it. See the Pedeſtal of the Com- poſite Order, Plate 34. | I. I. This ſide of the Baſe is taken from the Temple of Nervs, Plate 17. The other ſide marked ſingle I. is taken from the Temple of Fortuna Virilis, Plate 34. PLATE XXI. This is Vitraviuss Ionick Baſe, but to my mind is not good. PLATE XXII. E. The ſquare Modilions are taken from the Temple of Concordia, Plate 97. but under them is a Dentil, and under it an Ovolo and Cavetto. PLATE XXIV. A. The Key-ſtone is half di-. n at the bottom by the Wo e. B. The Impoſt is one part in height of the | To parts, but + of rhe height of the Pi- laſter or amb, from B to C, which is as much wich the Aſtragal; which in all has twice the thickneſs of the Membretto. PLATE MV. This Baſe is taken from the Temple of Nerva, Plate 18. but the Aſtra- gal differs ſomething. See likewiſe the | Temple E 1 the extreme part of the Aftragat: which is e ee See Seumouri, BD. '6. 139. PLATE XXVIIL A. This Key-ſtone is 2 Te * diameter of the Column at the bottom, and is as high as the Archivolto, or the oth part of the Opening of the Arch. B. The PLATE . The manner of Arches are fix, viz. A Crochicta I. a Faſcia QO, a Re- ö 5 Z y menato, or Part of a Circle H, a Rotonda G, a Lunette P, and a Conca N and K; which two laſt are both alike, only one has more Seſto than the other. Thar a Faſcia is the ſame as a Conca, and _ terminates to the Wall. There are mixt Arches, which I note apart. Impoſt is in height e 10 and: of the height of the Pilaſter or Jambs from B to C, which is as much beſides the AC tragal as the Membretto is thick. PLATE XXIX. B. This Baſe is compoſed of the Atrick and Ionick Baſes, and is taken from the Rotonda, Plate '69o. and from the O. This ſhews the height of the inſide of the Lunette. Scamozzi taxes Palladio for uſing the dia- . Line, as being ſo near a Square and K. The Conca is leſs in the Square than the others, and more in Seſto. The Center to make the Arch K, is the Baſe of X a 2 * 2 — — " 22 — «> CS FA > wa — ——— — a — 1 — "Bar, — — — 4 F- — en EY — — — „ a N — ** — - — . — — — — . 3 | „ le has at 0 Imteo FoNEs. 39 = be of N. ey bat ia chat here fre tw " Temple of N tans, Plate 101. and from 3 6 "Tohdini's Gy under the Wn = the Temple Mars the Revenger, Plate ö Aud one Tondins above it, Rte 90. FEW 11 But there are ſome Alterations, as an 5 + Al theCiniaſix's of the Pedals? Palbdis © between the under Boultel Fillet, . Adobes compoſe according 1 & of the "bl theTimbis.' Being large, there is no 2 . 2 Colutins 3 but: ine Andients'\ varied them "#17 "Ala under. it, but moſt of all from b „moe. fe paar 1 | * Plate Bo g Baſe of 1 felis ket the $ 1 is equal to i 3 Le en 90 el Carving , thickneſs of the — Jerks | Sit "is ated; 2 the” Members haye better n Cimaſtm of the Pedeſtal under the Baſe Fi x than the Bale ef the Ten ple 5 of the Colimn is taken from the ſecond 0 1 $4. „ Temple of Niſines, Plate 94. but there is PLATE XVI. an Oyols over the Wade, where the Cim- Teese 5 dis l S. Alſo chere it a Boultel over it, n ee Cöffers 5 dr an Orlo, None of Palladio's Pedeftals .” whidh's the Kan depth'of bo Ov 1 + hasaCimbia but this Ste the Temple of .._ Filler of the Coffers. J > Auroninus and Fanſtina, Plate 272. | 8. Tue Milet is oe the Gullet 0K the „ he Baſe Of this Pedeſtal/is taken from the roothes or Me „ * Temple ef Sri, Plate 82. but the Mem- by P. 140 find cht nu | 3 dei of that are not carved, for I find the i Line, to be falſe; for there is "a E = le © Anclent@nevcr catved their Caſements for 1 por Park ok che Cotiſiee ſet don 19 mode Solidity, and becauſe the Baſes being © ME alf, "whereof Fein find: +1. on dhe Ground, neither the Cimaſia of a * tan 17 and # quarter. ain 4 Pedeſtal for the lame reaſon, | | Th Field or Coffets of the Roſes on obo PLATE) - When Cornice ſtood fat from fits ofthe Corona of the Gortii S the Eye, the Aridench did. make the Members fe Share from E to F. The < laarget, and ſometimes did put Modilions next Gi of ir in? wideh-ot the Coffers.” ; to the Fe, which made the Architrave, 2 . The Bullet is the 85 by of the uppe j- FPrize, and Cornice, ſnew all in one. Of this i 1 the A Secret, Kamo nx has been purblind, and un- : 1 lo the Margin rourid'thb b S cate of th derſtood it not. See the Col/eo's upper Or- < "'\ fears; and chis Was uſed'y der; Kerle fol. 65. lib. 3. This Cornice is were tod narrow to makł a perfet taken from ee of 7b ö but when che Spaces were The double ſquare Modilions of the Compo- ; | * A _ 2” * ſite Cornice are taken from the Temple of broad; both are defeQtive. In moſt of 25 . and of the Frontiſpiece of Nero, 3 Aneients this faid Space I was bfoader than leg, Which +6 Thy Mind" is much - 3: 5-46 theſe . Temples the Waves are richly | bdetter - carved, but in this it is not. | - Prom K to L of Abdeo'ts: one dlarkerer Sanaa, lib. 6. fol. 20. taxes Palladio for: and a half, and this Rule is to be obſerved . '* this Cornice wrongfully, for having the in all the Corinthian and Compoſite Ca- Members under the Modilions; not know- pitals; when you are to make double Co- ing that the Modilions and the two Faſcias lumns at diſtance one from another 2 dia- ſtood far from the Eye. | mieter, the Abaco's will but juſt touch. The Architrave is taken from the ſaid Temples, M. The Bell or Campana of the Capital goes the ſecond Faſcia, and Cimaſia extraordi- : ſtreight up to the biggeſt Leaves. nary 3 but in them is an Ovolo under the N. The Bending Leaves arc the 4 part of Cavetto, and in this is a Gola reyerſa: the their height. | Ovolo does agree better with the Cayctto, O. The perpendicular prickt Line ſhews the | and it is in the Architrave of the Temple Bowing * the leſſer Leaves to be even with of Pallas. An Houſe, tis true, that in the the Ovolo of the Bell. Architraves % Doors is uſed as in the P. Is the thickneGs of the iſt Tiers S Temple of a, Plate 72. and in the mark'd in the Plan of the Temple of N7/mes, Plate 90. but not in the real; Cornices. . | - Hf BH; * 4 Pg. 4 TW 7 — MT... N. 2 - Si 2744 7 — — * "* * - es, nn -— 462 4b 49 oben 4 . — ; < 44694, MS F S FR” * * * 8 —7*3³² , ' 55 1 . * 1 1 3 A 2 8 * 4 % * 5 Pl = FT C 1 rs \ op. = | op 4 . N 4 = 8 by A N + * * AY — 4 9 . 4 4 3 it x * . as. 5 f p w / 2 x 4 * 1 ut 1 * 2 K a * * . 1 4 * ; kg N 201 & 1 io th * "Fa 9 oY : q Ir 5 5 * 2 = p * 1 18 0 1 4 * 22 * 3 LO AS * * _ | : _—_ » WF: 2 * p * 1 % M * *% 4 . 52 8 eie Py 7 by * f Fo] * — % ; * % 6 „ 8 15 , ; 5 | b * * 6 f ud » "= * = <4 Y * * x RW * F a IT ſy n 0 * * ; X " 7 ic We \ , 1 4 a a6 6 3 2 8 , 19 id 20 th.» 4 * 0 * 1 < 45 Ke — IH 1 - „ FI 22 * 7 N 4 * I x 0 *& % FL, 7 5 LEY K — 10 1 By 2 * SY © #1 * * * + On * 2 0 LS % 4 ah; wr * 1 & 2 I T 0 p b Wy 2 N JJ T1000 ⁵ he be at n RS 33-98 2 * 4 4 * N. ö 4 r 5 ; « N o p 1 3 * _ 4 + * , 4 & : 3 1 # " © \ N Lo ** . 8 ys 1 * I 8 PH 8 5 e 3 q Nees 8 T V R N : þ 9 BD 7 N . , 8 1 1 443 . : n 8 n fe : Fo ris 4. L & W c * p 8 » , * * 3 | BY % N 5 8 550 * ; | y * a | | Wo 6.) 4s. EL p - 4. dy; a age Jes dos 0 * LOI l p W;. 5 1 (BY s * > - 9 5 0 ö ; > 2 * 8 1 91 and . 3 R 7 3 . 2 i$ Þ | 195 ehe Tg W mega There | : % 4 2 4 * DEE. 1 in G Fot. ; 8 Bond C9 v XS 2. * E:, ry Os tico's, and Entries „ | 2 1 — or Croiing ths, by ” | „ me a; | ET OREN od dre. The Conca is more ornamented for "DT F234 IE PN "00 I: ? 25 : » OL LE. 1 2 : 4 95 5 * + - x I a RY 1 inrichd and adorn'd with various | 23 _ 5 = _ % > * 6 ? ” v 2 — »,. ro * 5 8 7 * o J 8 * $ „ ; * 1 A * 8 : 4 88 \ c 77 "Y 4 . p 4 Mi 3 , 1 Ld 9 . \ N F » : Rp «> | This figm GPa ee . uts Tas & ES. . f Es 48 ; : = | J of the Ground -in-breadth, and chüs is the _Tanick Order, with Dentils carved. | b.. 1 3 * ; * * ** g FE % DST» common Nie Bricklayers; bat this - 538 6 Th | holds not cher, df very ee Some = „ ® + . „ have Lunctte 3 1 dhe Corner and puts t 5 a $ : ME. * +. F 4 * Saquate in the wille, _ as he calls it, and makes the- 1 0 PLATE V. ' This' 89 -plain Cattes of Jt n 1 — Ye Palladto, . 2 n : : (marked By bar Sramonies de this | 5 nice to the Tuſtan Doors, lib, 6. — 8 O. This is a ſquare Fillet over the Ogee. 5 | X. This is another plain Cornice of Pak - . 8 PO "7 adio, and Scamvzsi puts it to theDorick . 27 e e e che Saaler Steps, Doors, lib. 6. fol. 5 1. the Architrave hs. f 8 . . no Aftragal under the Gola revefn; he PL ATE XXXIX. f windidgeStvics is. a pats this Architrave to the Tonick and Com- e the middle, and. . poſite Orders, and there is an Qyolo be- is the Cen dhe Step Which 'is | | teen the two Faſcias carved. with Leaves, 3 from every four SrepsH, whict makes Fe which is all rhe difference he makes. 3 than the öche tt. 5 The Projection of the bonom of the Gola re- PLATE Bk. I have ſeen 1 2 is part > the the * France,” and there ac es pe. LOSE 4 PLATE rr . This Archietave, 8 01 LA | | ed into 8 parts, are to be given td tl Jain heard | Faſcia, the other 3 | parts are to be ſubdi- talk of this $tair-caſe, and from them he has vided into 9, 4 for the Gola reverſa, 3 for | Invented theſe, which arc much ons Pug , "= the Hollow, and 2 for the Square or Fillet. ſicent. | td 5 In the ancient Architraves, where there is an 'F LATE XLill. This double Stair-caſe js very Ovolo under the hollow, they uſed to put eaſy to aſcend, up a Hill, or ſome Temple, or an Aſtragal under it carved, with Beads. * " Palaces, or other Places : There are ſuch Stairs The Invention of the Cimaſia of the Archi- at St. Apoſtols, by Monte Cavallo at Rome. trave E, is taken from the Temple of Prat, 288 * 4 * * . * 7 : 3 4 in * E a $$33:1444 TILT! 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WIT Some other Dxs lens of the Manner of Building among the Gx ER RK S and RoMAN s. | Revir'd, Deſign efign'd, and Publiſh'd By GIACOMO LEONI, à Venetian, Archite to His moſt SERENE H1GHNEss, the Late ELECTOR PALATINE. Tranſlated from the ITALIAN Original. a With NOTES, by INIGO FONES. M. DCC. XLII. N . * r > 3 N ** — 3 — 7 8 3 — ITT On a -. = _ 5 5 * 8 L ined. oe eee OS Ste — © — — . E * " * I — * * * r- * — wh EDS I » : * he 902 r 3 _ : * . _— 8 1 ö » n ; 83 8 _ 2 n , * 8 N * ny 2 . * f : 4 : "IT © . os - I mg ear biitrg my GC SUE Roos or IEEE MS, e 2 3a By — * * 4 14 THE SECOND BOOK. CHAP. I. of : the prod Grace, Sultablench, and 8 which ought to be l in private Buildings. HAVE treated in the foregoing Book of all thoſe things which I thought moſt neceſſary to be obſerved in the conſtruction of publie and private Build- ings, in order to make them beautiful, convenient, and durable. I have alſo ſaid ſomething about the Conveniencies of private Gentlemen's Houſes, of which I particularly defign to ſpeak in this ſecond Book. And becauſe we commonly call a Houſe convenient, when it is ſuitable to the quality of its Maſter, and that all the parts of it not only have a proportion an- ſwerable to the whole, but alſo an exact ſymmetry each with one another ; an Architect therefore muſt chiefly obſerve, what Vitruvius recommends in his firſt and ſixth Books, viz. that when he builds for Perſons of Quality, and more eſpecially for thoſe that are in publick Employment, he muſt build their Palaces with Portico's, Galleries, and large ſtately Halls richly adorn'd : that thoſe who come for buſineſs, or to pay their reſpects to the Owner, may be received commodiouſ- ly, and delighted and amuſed whilſt they wait for him. But for thoſe of a meaner Station, there muſt be a medium obſerv'd, as well i in the ſize and form — Houſes muſt alſo ow places fit to walk in, and 2 * their Clients may wait without being weary. Thoſe of Merchants require Warehouſes, and other places expos d to the North, wherein they may keep their Goods and other Commodi- ties; and thoſe places muſt be fo diſpoſed, that the Maſters may have no occa- ſion to fear Thieves coming at them. One muſt alſo obſerve ſuch a proportion, that every Member of the Building may agree with the whole; fo that either in great, ſmall, or ordinary Buildings, one may obſerve the parts to be great, ſmall, or ordinary, ſuitable to their ſeveral Extents. For without doubt it would be a great fault, and a thing very difagreeable, if in a large Edifice all the Halls and Rooms were ſmall ; or if in a ſmall Houſe, two or three great Rooms ſhould take up the whole. One mult then (as I ſaid juſt now) have regard, as much as poſſible, to the quality of the Gentleman who builds, more than to his wealth, and make him a Houſe ſuitable to his quality: which being agreed up- on, the parts of the Building muſt be ſo adjuſted, that they all may agree with the whole, and every one with each other, with ſuch Ornaments as are ſuitable to them. But it frequently ſo happens, that the Archite& is obliged ra- ther to follow the fancy of him who intends to build, than thoſe Conſiderations which his Art and — dictate to him. CHAP. 44 ' The Architeflure of A. PALLADIO. CHAP, Il . Of the Compartition or NN 5 chamber a 7 Places f 0 . convenient ſor a Family, EG which * cannot be approved of by any body) one muſt take a great deal of care, not only in what concerns the chief parts of them, viz. the Entries, Halls, Courts, great Rooms, light Stair-caſes (ſpacious and eaſy to go up and down) but alſo that the meaneſt and leaft beautiful of them may be fituated commodiouſly to ſerve the other greater and more conſiderable Apartments. For in the ſame manner as we ſee in the human body, ſome noble and beautiful Members, and others again as difagreeable and ugly, which laſt are nevertheleſs very uſeful to the firſt, and without which they could not ſubſiſt; ſo ſome parts of a Building muſt make a fine and noble appearance, and ſome c be leſs beautiful and elegant, without which the chief ones could not be diſtinguiſhed, but rather loſe a part of their dignity and perfection. But as our bleſſed Lord has ordered our Members, ſo as to make the fineſt of them to be the moſt expos'd to fight, and concealing them that are not ſeemingly ſo: juſt ſo we muſt contrive a Building in ſuch a manner, that the fineſt and moſt noble parts of it be the moſt expoſed to publick view, and the leſs agreeable diſpoſed in by-places, and removed from fight as much as poſſible ; becauſe thither ought to be carry d the refuſe of the Houſe, and what- ever may produce any ill effect or embaraſſment. For this reaſon I approve, that the Cellars, Wood-houſes, Pantries, Kitchen, Servants Halls, Landries, Ovens, and bother Offices which are continually uſed, ſhould be placed in the lower part of the Building, and which I commenly order a little under ground. This diftri- F bution has two advantages: the firſt is, that the Apartment above is altogether "JW free from the ſaid Incumbrances; and the ſecond, which is of no leſs conſequence 4 than the former, is, that the ſaid Apartment is thereby much wholeſomer, its Floor being free from the moiſture of the Ground, beſides that its being high renders it more graceful, and contributes to a better proſpect. Care muſt be taken next, that in the reſt of the Building there be large, middle-ſiz d, and ſmall Rooms; and that they be all near one another, for the better Communication be- tween them. Convenient Partitions muſt be alſo contriv d for Cloſets, Libraries, Horſe- Furniture, and to put out of the way other things which one may have daily occaſion for, and which would appear very unſeemly in a Bed- chamber, Dining- room, or place where Strangers are receiv d. It is alſo convenient that the Summer-rooms be large and ſpacious, and open to the North; and the Winter ones ſmaller and open to the South and Weſt; becauſe that in Summer we ſeek the Air and Shade, and that in Winter we ſeek the Sun, as well as by reaſon little Rooms are eaſier warm'd than larger ones. But the Rooms deſign d for Spring and Autumn ſhould look towards the Eaſt, and have their proſpect towards Greens and Gardens. Studies and Cloſets muſt alſo have the ſame proſpect, becauſe the Morning is the beſt time of reſorting to ſuch places. All the Rooms in general, either large, middle ſized, or ſmall, ought to be fo order d or contriv'd, that (as I have already ſaid) every part of the Building may correſpond one with the o- ther, and the whole frame ſhew ſuch a convenience and ſymmetry between all its parts, as may render it handſome and agreeable. But becauſe it moſt commonly happens Fog _— | > 4 Chap. 3. Of the Conflruttion of Houſes in Towns. | 45 happens that in Cities, either the Party-walls, the Streets, or publick Places con- fine and reſtrain an Architect within certain bounds, beyond which he has not the liberty to go; therefore neceſſity compels him to fair himſelf with the place according to its Situation: and on thoſe occaſions, if I am not miſtaken, one may receive ſome benefit from the Plans and Elevations I am now going to give; which may alſo ſerve as Examples for what I have already faid in my firſt Book. * Tx1s Plate repreſents half a Vicentine Foot, half a French Foot, _ half an Engliſh Foot. AL. the following 3 have been made and meaſured according to the Vicentine Foot, which is here divided into 12 Inches, and every Inch into 12 2 parts, as are alſo the French and Engliſh Foot. M. B. Tur the French Foot, commonly called Pit de Roy, is aa to BB Inches of the Vicentine Foot, and the OP one makes only 10 W one quarter of the ſame. CH AP, UI. Of the Conſtruction of Houſes in Towns. An ſure that they, who ſhall look upon the Buildings I am going to give the draughts of in this Book, and they, who know how hard it is to introduce a new way, particularly into the Art of Building (in which every one preſumes to be knowing) will think me very happy, that I have met with Perſons who were generous, Judicious, and reaſonable enough to hear and approve my Reaſons ; and afterwards to give over that old way of Building, which is without any pro- portion or grace at all: and indeed I own it as a particular favour God has done me amongſt many others, to give me an opportunity of putting ſeveral things An practice, which 1 had learnt by a very laborious Examen and long Study. And tho among thoſe very Buildings ſome have remain'd unfiniſh'd, yet it is very eaſy to judge by what is done, what the whole would have been. I have put the names of the Owners, and the places where the Buildings are ſituated, to their Draughts; that they who have a mind, may ſee how they have ſucceeded in the performance. After this I think it very proper to acquaint the Reader, that I have had no regard to the Rank or Quality of the Perſons in the order of my Draughts; for they are every one of great Quality and Honour, and I placed them only as they came firſt to my Memory, | Bur it is now time to come to our Buildings, the firſt of which is at + Udene, the Metropolis of Friuli. It was built from the Foundations by Signior Florian Antonini, a Gentleman of the ſame Town. The Ground-floor Wall of the fore-, front is Ruſtick ; and the Columns of the Veſtibule and Gallery backwards are Ionick. The firſt Chambers are arched ; and the Arches of the largeſt are made according to the firſt method I ſpoke of, concerning the Arches or Vaults that are in places longer than broad. The Chambers of the ſecond Story are ceil'd, and are a little broader than the lower ones, becauſe of the diminution of the Walls; the height of the Ceilings being equal to their breadth. There are o- ther Chambers higher, that may ſerve for Garrets. The Hall is fo high that it reaches to the very Roof. The Kitchen is ſeparated from the body of the Houle ; but for all that it's very convenient. Near the great Stairs is the Houſe of Office, Vel. | O which ® Plate I. + Plate II. RE e NE Co ES bs _ MG N 9 8 | 33 ha. — — — — —— — — — — 7 - Ya” I — — - + 999 * or 'y . 4 0 be Arc hitecture * 1 Pac LL 4b. 10. which tho! in 4 of the Houſe, does not give any ill ſmell, bi coke whereon the Sun does not ſhine, and having vents made in the thickneſs of the Wall from the bottom: of the 2 © 7 OO 3 e 3 the offenſive ſmell is evaporated. . Ar Vicenza, on the place vulgarly call'd the ile, Count Valerio Chiericato, an honourable Knight of the ſame Town, cauſed the following deſign to be exe- cuted. This Building has a great Portico or Gallery in the lower part, that takes up the whole fore-front of it. The Baſe of the firſt Order is five foot above the ground, which is ſo diſpoſed that the Cellars may be underneath it, as alſo all the other Offices intended for the conveniency of the Houſe ; which kad not ſucreeded ſo well, were they quite under ground ; becauſe of the neighbourhood of the River, and that thereby the upper Stories ſhould be more airy, and have -a far r _ proſpect. The Vaults or Arches of the great Rooms are raiſed according to our firſt method, or firſt rate of Arches : the leſſer ones are arch'd ſhel-like, and are as high as thoſe of the largeſt ſort: the Cloſets are alſo arched, and have Mezzanino's or half Stories above them. Every Arch .is adorn'd with comparti- tions of Fret-work curiouſly wrought by Bartolomeo Ridolſ, a Sculptor of Verona, with ſeveral excellent pieces of Painting done by Meſſer Domenico Rizzo, and Meſſer Battiſta Venetiano, men very famous in thoſe Profeſſions. The Hall is in the middle of the Fore-front above, and occupies the middle of the Gallery be- neath. Its height reaches to the Roof of the Houſe, and becauſe it projects a little outwards, its Angles are ſupported by double Columns. On each fide of this Hall are Galleries, the Cielings of which are adorn'd with Pictures that are extremely fine, and make a glorious ſhow, The firſt order of the Fore-front is Dorick, and the ſecond lonick. * e deßen + repreſents ana of the __ Fore-front enlarg d. N Tux next draughts ** are of Count Iſeppo de Poris Houſe, a die Family in the fame City. This Building fronts two large Streets, and therefore has two Entries or Veſtibules with four Columns each, which bear an Arch to ſecure the ſuperincumbent weight. The Rooms of the firſt Story are arch'd ;. the height of thoſe on the ſides of the Veſtibule are after our ſecond method of Arches. The Rooms of the ſecond order are ceil'd, and all painted, as well as thoſe of the firſt Story, and ſet off with very rich Ornaments of Fret-work, made by thoſe Artiſts we ſpoke of before; and the Pictures are made by Paul Yeroneſe a moſt famous Painter. From each of theſe Entries one may go through a Paſſage into a Court that is to be ſurrounded with a Portico ; the Pillars of which are 36 = Foot high, which is the whole height of the firſt and ſecond Stories. Behind theſe Columns are Pilaſters that are one Foot and 9 Inches diameter, and they project out- wards 3, ſupporting the Pavement of the upper Gallery. This Conn divides the whole Houſe into two parts. The fore part is for the Maſter and his Women, and the back part is deſign'd for the reception of Strangers: that the one and the other may pais to and fro with more freedom, a thing to which the Ancients, and particularly the Grecians had a ſpecial regard. And moreover this way of dividing a Houſe may be alſo very convenient, in caſe the Children or any of the Family ſhould require private Apartments. I placed the principal Stair- caſes under the Portico, which is juſt oppoſite to the middle of the Court; that thoſe who go up and down may neceſſarily have a proſpect of the moſt beauti- ful part of the Houſe, and that being in the middle, they may ſerve the two | ſeparate * Plate Hl. F FAI. vo FAV ; Chap. 3- Of the Cunſtruction of Houfes in Towns... 47 ſeparate parts of the Fabrick. The Cellars and other Offices are under ground. The Stables are ſeparate from the youy of the TOM and have their Entries un- der the Stair-caſes. © FT ux firſt of the two nge erkenn a part of the fore · front; and the ſecond, that ſide that fronts the Court. | + Tus following Houle is at Verona, which was begun by Count Gianni Bat- ziſta della Torre; a Gentleman of the fame City, whoſe Death put a ſtop to its finiſhing, tho it was very far advanced. The Entries are by the ſides of it, where there are paſſages ten Foot broad, which lead to the Courts fifty Foot long, and from thence to an open Hall, adorn'd with four Columns, which ſerve alſo to ſup- port ſecurely the upper Hall. This ſame Hall leads to the Stair-caſe, which is of an elliptical form, and open in the middle. The ſaid Courts are ſurrounded with | Balluſtrades, that are level with the ſecond Floor. The other private Stairs ſerve for a greater Conveniency throughout the whole Houſe. This Compartition ſuc- ceeds extraordinary well in its Situation, which is long and narrow, and one of the Wings fronting the principal Street of the City. ** Tux following is the draught of a Building at Vicenza, belonging to Count Ottaviano de Thieni, and was begun by Count Mare Antonio. This Houſe being ſituated in the heart of the Town, near the Market-place, I thought it was very proper to leave room for Shops on that fide which fronts the Market ; the Archi- tect being oblig d to have ſome regard for the advantage of thoſe that are at the expence of the Building, when the extent of the Ground will conveniently allow it. Every Shop has over it a half Story for the uſe of the Shop- keeper, and over theſe are the Maſter's Apartments. This Houſe, as one may ſay, ſtands in an Iſland, being ſurrounded by four Streets. The chief Entry, or Maſter- gate (as we may ſpeak) has a Gallery before it, and fronts the principal Street of the Town, The great Hall is to be above it, and will project as far out as the Piazza under- neath. In the two Wings are two other Entries with Columns in the middle, which ſerve rather to ſtrengthen the upper part, and render its breadth propor- TE tionable to its height, than for bare Ornament. By theſe Entries one paſſes to a Court ſurrounded with a Piazza, of which the firſt Row of Pilaſters are Ruſtick, and the ſecond row of the Compoſite order. The Rooms at the four corners are octangular, and have a good effect, both for their beauty, and the ſeveral con- veniencies to which they may ſerve. The Chambers that are now finiſh'd have been adorn'd with very fine Stuccatures made by Meſſer Aleſſandro Vittoria, and Meſſer Bartolomeo Ridolſi, and painted by Anſelmo Canera, and Bernardino India, both of Verona, and not inferior to the beſt Maſters in their profeſſion. The Cellars and ſuch like places are under Ground, becauſe the Building is ſituated in the higheſt part of the Town, where there is no great fear of Water. ++ Tus firſt of the two great draughts following repreſents a part of the Fore- front of the Houſe, the ſecond that fide which fronts the Court. Taz Counts FValmarana, of a moſt noble Family of the ſame place, have alſo built according to the following deſigns , not only for their own honour and conveniency, but alſo for the ornament and glory of their Country. They have leſt nothing wanting which may be defir'd in the enriching of ſuch a Building either for Stuccature or Painting. This Houſe is divided into two parts by a Court in the middle, about which there is a Corridor with Balluſters, which leads from the fore-part of the Houſe to that which is behind the Court. The Chambers of the firſt Floor are arch d; and the upper ones are ceil'd, of which the height 18 ®* Plate VI. and VII. + Plate VIII. ** Plate IX, ++ Plate X. and XI. *+ Plate XII. » - 5, = _—_ I» n—— _— Kun e — N = 1 - \ — S 0 8 —_ Y * * = . a : . — ” l — * n = , 4 r HK . — , * — =" med * 2 . * — * 2 „ Wh. ca” . t ” 4 : * = N - 7 09 2 n # 3 — 5 «oth * Dri if <> et "I" 1 ad oO * 4 aan 9.Þ4 n : S - — N * * . 5 3 | C 5 EOFY 1 e" . : bs RT - =» ORE ag * e 2 ä F OE 5 3 * —_— * 9 - 4 4 - W — ta” 4 FP? 2 1 — 2 1 > "SOPs * 2 7 r = * 7 *** yy ** N * . - -- SOLE go „ 1 "+ 8 U : 1 4 - * 1# ww o * 034 2 . 21 4 — - "| * pa * 4 N n 2 — 3 > * E N "of ap Fe 2 * *% Ie nod . * 4 Sn 3 1 $ : lp Y ” 3 * — * =D" IA 2 * * — „ ä 4 bs e — 32 « P Pa - 1 he 8 *. 8 * Bs” 3 9 A” „ — ES: 2 . : e 7 e e * - "RON 3 N k * ; e = "= | * — 4 * x 48 The ArchitePare of A. tar "OL. Fe mn is equal to their breadth. The Garden before the Stables is i 26s Foot wide. I think this deſcription is ſufficient for what concerns this Houſe, all the reſt being eaſily ſeen in the Plan of it, where I have ſet down the 2 * ſize of every part, in the ſame manner as in the foregoing ones. Tux draught that follows is one half of the fore-front on a large 8 | AmoncsrT ſeveral worthy Gentlemen of Yicenza, there is Signor Paolo Arme- rico, who was Referendary to the Popes Pius the fourth and fifth, and deſerv d to be made a Citizen of Rome; as well as all his Family for his fake. This Gen- tleman after having travel'd a long time to improve himſelf, being come to ſettle at laſt in his own Country, after the death of all his Friends, choſe his abode at a Country-houſe he had on a Hill, within leſs than half a Mile of the Town, where he ſince has built the following Houſe +, which I have not placed among the Country-houſes, becauſe of its proximity to the Town, to which one may properly ſay it belongs. Its Situation is as advantageous and delicious as can be defir'd, being ſeated on a hillock of a moſt eaſy aſcent, at the foot of which runs the Bacchilione, a navigable River. On the other fide, it is ſurrounded by ſeveral Hills, that ſeem to form a great Theatre, and which beſides are all of them cul- tivated, being very fertile, abounding with excellent Fruits and Vineyards: fo that having the advantage of fine Proſpects on all fides, ſome confin'd, ſome more remote, and ſome farther than the fight can reach, I have made Portico's to all the fore- fronts; under the which, and alſo of the Hall, I have contrived Rooms for the uſe and conveniency of thoſe of the Family. The Hall which is circular, and placed in the middle of the Building, receives its Light from the top. The Cloſets have Mezzanino's. Above the great Rooms ſurrounding the Hall (the Arches of which are after our firſt method) there is a Platform to walk on | 15 Foot broad. On the Pedeſtals, which ſupport the ſteps of the tour Portico's, are Statues made by Mr. Lorenzo Vicentino, an excellent Sculptor. S16NOR Guioglio Capra, a worthy Gentleman of the ſame Town, for the ho- nour of his Country rather than for his own conveniency, has made all the parations neceſſary, and even begun to build the following deſign **, which is ad- vantagiouſly fituated, in the principal Street of the Town. This Building is ta have Courts, Galleries, Halls and Chambers of all ſorts, ſome being large, ſome little, and others of a middle ſize. The form of it is beautiful and diverfify'd, fo that it will be 3 and noble, ſuitable to the dignity and * of its Maſter. C. A little open Court. D. Another little Court. L. The great Court. 8. AH. PL which is ſupported with Columns underneath, but having none above, nales it appear much lighter. CounrT Montano Barbarano, having a place to build on in Vicenxa, deſir'd me to give him the following deſign 1, which not ſuiting the place at firſt, I was obliged to make ſome Alterations in it; but that Gentleman having ſince bought the ground that was wanting, the firſt deſign has been entirely executed. The Stables and Servants Rooms on the one ſide anſwer to the Womens A ment, to the Kitchen and other convenient Offices on the other fide, as may by ſeen in the draught. This Building is fo far advanc'd, that they are raiſing the Fore-front, which is made according to the following deſign in great T. I could * Plate XIII. + Plate XIV. and XV. ** Plate XVI. Fr Plate XVII. *+ Plate XVIII. Chap. 4 Of the Tuſean Atrium, or Hall. 49 ' could not furniſh the Printer ſoon enough with the plan of the laſt draught, ac- cording to which it was finally refolv'd to build it, and that the Foundations of it are already laid. The Entry has ſome Columns which ſupport an Arch for the reaſons before given. On each fide there are two Chambers, which are a ſquare and a half in length, at the end of which are two ſquare ones, and after them two Cloſets. Oppoſite to the entry is a paſſage that leads to a Portico towards the Court. On each fide of this fame paſſage is a Cloſet with a Mezzanine above it, to which one goes by the principal Staircaſe. All the Arches of theſe places are twenty one Foot and a half high. The Hall above, and all the other Rooms are ceil'd, except the Cloſets, which are arch d as high as the Ceilings of the Rooms. The Columns of the fore-front have their Pedeſtals, and ſupport a Cor- ridor, to which one enters by the Soffit. The front is not to be after this firſt method, as I haye ſaid before, but as it is in the next deſign * drawn upon 3 « CHAP. IV. Of the Tuſcan Atrium, or Hall. I think it proper to diſcharge my ſelf of my promiſe, in deſcribing ſome of the principal places of which the Houſes of the Ancients were compoſed. I ſhall begin with the Atrium, as being one of the moſt principal parts, and come _. afterwards to the other adjoining parts of the ſaid Buildings, and laſtly to their common Halls. Vitruvius in his ſixth Book obſerves that there were five ſorts of theſe Atrium among the Ancients, viz. the Tiſcan, that of four Columns, the Corinthian, the Teftudinated, and the open one, of which I intend not to ſpeak. The following deſigns + are for the Tuſcan Atrium. The breadth of this is equal to the two thirds of its length. The breadth of the Record-room is but two fiſths of that of the Atrium, which is ſquare. From this one paſſes into the Pe- riſtylos, which is a Court ſurrounded with Pilaſters, a third longer than its breadth, The breadth of the Piazza or Portico (that is, the ſpace from the Wall to the Pillars) is equal to the height of the Columns. Oppoſite to the wings of the Atrium one might contrive little Halls, having a proſpect over the Gardens; and if they are made as they are repreſented in the draught, their Columns ſhould be Tonick, about twenty Foot high, and then the-Piazza's would be as broad as the diſtance between each Column. Above there ſhould be ſome other Columns of the Corinthian Order, a fourth part leſs than thoſe below, between whom there ſhould be Windows to give light, in imitation of the Corinthian Halls, as one may ſee bereafter, Plate XXX. The opening above ſhould be without any cover at all, and ought to be ſurrounded with a Balluſtrade. If the ground will allow it, one may make more or leſs Lodging than I have here drawn, according as the uſe and conveniency of the maſter ſhall require: Tus following draught ** upon a larger Scale nt this Atrium. A. Atrium. B. Door to the Record-room. Vor. I. P C, Record- | * Plate XVIII. I Plate XIX. plate XX. FO Es the ——— — nn — 2 —_ Py, 4 1 ES . Tow that I have given the deſigns of ſome Houſes I have erected in Cities, SH" . * 7 4 | i] ” f Wh q 1 Fo 7 q 3 | : ; 4 50 The Architedure f A. PALLADIO. „„ C. Record - rom. W b D. Portico of the Periſtylos E. Portico, or Gallery before the a which may th called the Pafitule.. F. Freeze One on W nn the FO Atrium. :C H A P.M of the Atrium with four Columns. HE followink deſign * repreſents the Atrium with four Ger the 2 length of which being divided into five equal parts, the breadth takes up three. The Wings (rhat is, the ſpace between the Wall and the Colummt, which is not comprehended in the breadth of the Atrium) have in breadth a fifth part of the height of the Columns. The Columns are Corinthian, and their diameter is equal to the breadth of one half of the Wings. The opening above is the third part of the breadth of the faid Atrium, and the breadth of the Charter- room is half of the breadth of the ſame Atrium, and has the ſame length. From which Atrium one paſſes through the Charter-room into the Perifylos, which is a ſquare and a half in length. The Columns of the firſt order are Doricl, and the breadth of the Portico is equal to the height of thoſe Columns. Thoſe of the ſecond order are Ianici, and a fourth part leſs than the firſt, under which there is a Pedeſtal two Foot and three quarters high. A. Atrium. | G. Wings of the Atrium. B. Door to the Charter-room. C. Charter-room. Atrium. D. Portico of the Periſtylos. I. Opening op the top of the Atrium, E. Chambers near the Atrium. with a Balluſtrade round it. F. Portico through which one enters K. Solid above the Columns, into the Atrium. L. Scale of ten Foot. S Of an Atrium made after the Corinthian manner. HE Edifice which I am going to deſcribe, is at Venice in the Convent named the Charity, belonging to the regular Canons. I have endeavoured to make this Houſe reſemble thoſe of the Ancients, and in order thereto, I have built a Corinthian Atrium in it, the length of which is the diagonal of its ſquare. The wings (bat is, the ſpaces between the Wall and the Columns) have in breadth two ſevenths of the length of the Atrium, that is, one for each Wing, The Columns are Compoſite, and are three Foot and a half in diameter, and 35 Foot high. The aperture in the middle is one third of the breadth of the Atrium, taken between the Columns. Above the Atrium there is a Terrace level to the third order of the Cloiſter, where the Cells of the Canons are. The Veſtry is on one fade, near the Atrium, round about which there is a Dorick | Cornice Plate XXI. + Plate XXIII. H. Freeze under the Cornice of the -— 5 — CP? ae dd tn ti nin it: 2.6/6 * n 3 6 * 4 N 6 a " ; , — . * . wy A q x BY ö 2 * f 8 | 2 15 J 4 78-"% - 1 ; 1 | N * W « , F 4 0 N EY W * 5 N 6 1 q ö 4 - 8-4 4 a 9s » IAEA. 7 q . 1 k 5 ; ERP. X , k * * 1 > ; ; Chap. 6, 7. Of the difftrem ſorts of Atriums, Ge. 51 which ſupports an arched ceiling. The Columns that are there, bear up © that fide of the Cloiſter's Wall, which in che upper part divides the Chambers or © Cells from the Galleries. The Veſtry ſtands in the place where the Ancients kept che Images of their Anceſtors, and which they called the Record-room ; tho, to ſuit with the conveniency of the place, I have made the wings of the Atrium ſerve for that uſe, oppoſite to the Veſtry in the Chapter-hall anſwerable to one another. On the fide near the Church, there is an Elliptical, or oval Stair-caſe, open in the middle, which is very commodious and agreeable. From the A eum one enters into the Cloiſter, where there are three Orders of columns one over the other. The firſt is Dorict, and its columns project more than one half from the Pilaſters. The ſecond is Tarzick, and the columns are a fifth part leſs in height than the former. The third is Corinthian, and diminiſhes alſo a fifth in the height of the ſecond. In this laſt range, inſtead of Pilaſters, there is a con- tiguous Wall; and over the center of the Arches of the two firſt orders, are Windows which give light to the Entries of the Cells, the arched ceilings where- of are made of cane, to diſcharge the Walls. Oppoſite to the Atrium and the Cloiſter, beyond the Stair-caſe, is the Refectory, or large Dining-room, which is two ſquares in length, and raiſed to the third Story of the Cloiſter. It has a Gallery on each fide, and under it a Cellar made in the ſhape of a Ciſtern, that no Water may come into it. At one end are the Kitchen, the Ovens, the Poultry- yard, the Wood-houſe, the Landry, and a pretty fine Garden; at the other end are other Conveniencies. This Building has 44 Rooms, and 46 Cells, including the apartments for Strangers, and other places for ſeveral uſes. Tux firſt * of the following draughts is a part of the Atrium drawn at large, and the ſecond is a part of the Cloiſter. rf = AP VI. O the Teſtudinated Atrium, and the private Hhufes of te | _ ancient Romans. ESIDES the various forms of Atriums we have ſpoken of before, there was one very much in uſe among the Ancients, which they called Teftudinated (chat is, after the form of a Tortoiſe) and becauſe what Vitruvius ſays of it is very obſcure and difficult, and conſequently requires a particular Obſervation ; I ſhall therefore acquaint you with what I think upon that ſubject, adding alſo the diſpoſition and fituation of the OEques, or great Halls of the Chanceries, Re- feftories, Baths, and the like; ſo that the following Cut ** ſhall repreſent all the parts of a private Houſe, every one in its place, according to Vitruvius. *A. * Tus length of the Atrium is equal to the diagonal of its ſquare; and has its full breadth in height, which reaches as far as the fummer, or architrave of the Roof. The Rooms on the ſides are fix Foot leſs in height; and above the Walls which ſeparate them from the Atrium, there are Pilaſters which bear the Roof of the ſaid Atrium: between theſe Pilaſters there are ſome Apertures or Windows which give light to the ſaid Atrium; for the Chambers have an open platform or terrace above them. The Record-room is oppoſite to the entry, and is two fifths of the breadth of the Atrium. This place ſerved, as I ſaid before, to put in the : Images * Plate XXIII. ＋ Plate XXIV. ** Plate XXV. 52 The Architeflure of A. PaiiApte - | Images or Titles of their Anceſtors. © A little further one finds the Parifpls, as : bout which are Piazzas as broad as is the height of the columns. The Chambers | | are of the ſame breadth, and their height, to the impoſt of the Arches, is equal to their breadth ; as the Arches have in height the third part of their diameter. Pitruvius has deſcribed ſeveral forts of OEques, which were great Halls or Sallons for Feaſting and other Recreations, wherein alſo the Women did their work. some of theſe were called Tetraſtyli, becauſe they had in them four Pillars. O- thers were called Corinthian, which were ſurrounded with ſemi- columns. The Egyptian ones had, over and above the firſt row of columns, a Wall, which in- cloſed them with half-columns placed directly above the lower ones, and a fourth part leſs. Between theſe pillars were the Windows that gave light to the Hall. The Height of the Galleries that ſurrounded it, did not exceed the columns of the firſt order ; and above all there was a plat-form with a 'corridor,' and an elbow- rail round the whole. I ſhall give a deſign of each of theſe kinds of Halls ſe- parately. The ſquare. Halls were to take the cool in during the Summer, and had commonly the proſpect of Gardens or other Verdures. They had alſo ano- ther kind of Halls that were called Cizicenes, and which were alſo defign'd for the aboveſaid uſes. The Chanceries and Libraries were generally on the Eaft- | fide, as alſo the Triclinia, or Eating-rooms. There were likewiſe Bagnios for Men and Women, which I have NET in the further part of the Houſe. A. Atrium. B. Record-room. C. Periſtylos. D. Halls after the Corinthian man- ner. A. Atrium. B. Record-room. C. Piazza about the inner court. F. 4 Hall with four Columns. F. A Baſilica. | G. Apartments for the Summer. H. Chambers. I. Libraries. The ——_— * 8 * me ne i: from a larger Scale. I. Chambers about the Atrium. K Summers making the Freeze of the Entablature within. D. The inner court. I. Windows which ive light to the _ E. Door-way to the Record-room. Atrium. F. Part of the Corinthian Hall. M. The flat above the Walls of the G. Galleries, or Piazzas. Atrium. H. Piazza before the Atrium. | CH AP. VII. | Of the Halls with four Columns. T' HE following efign + is of that ſort of Hall call'd Terrafhyls, becauſe it had four columns. It was made ſquare, and the columns ſerved not only to proportion the breadth to the height, but alſo to make the upper place ſtill F the firmer; which is a thing that I have practiſed in moſt of my Buildings, ag may be ſeen both in the deſigns I have already given, and in thoſe that are to follow. CHAF * Plate XXVI, + Plate XXVII. tt be 24 9 ͤ n: g — fi 4,8 > Mp tua e—; AS error „ P * * 0 N * : - 3 5 . —— 1 3 Fg 4 LS. - Chap. 9, 1 0. 07 the different forts of Halls, &c. | Of the Corinthian Halls. HE Corinthian Halls were of two ſorts. The firſt had their columns only laid on the Floor, as may be ſeen in the firſt deſign *; and the ſecond were laid on Pedeſtals, as in the ſecond defign +: But the columns in both were al- ways near the Wall, and the Architrave, Freeze, and Cornice were made with Stuc, or elſe of Wood, and there was but one row of Pillars. The Ceilings were either made ſemi-circular, or ſcheme, that is, ſo flat as to have in height I» one third of the breadth of the Room. They were generally advanced with compartments made with ſtuc and painting. The length of theſe Halls would be of a fine proportion, if it was of a ſquare and two thirds of their breadth. CHAP. X. of the Hall Ver the Egy prian manner. * „ „ 4a cs . * HE following deen * is for Halls after the Eg -yptian way, which very much reſemble Bafi/icas, or Courts of Juſtice, (of which 1 ſhall alſo ſpeak when I treat of publick Buildings) becauſe theſe ſorts of Halls had a Portico wherein the columns were at a diſtance from the Wall, after the fame manner as in the Bafilicas ; and upon theſe Pillars were placed the Architrave, Freeze, and — — Cornice. The ſpace between the Pillars and the Wall was covered with a platform ſurrounded by a Corridor with rails and balluſters. Above the ſame Pillars, there was a continu'd Wall with half Pillars on the inſide of it, a fourth part leſs than the lower ones. Between the ſaid half Pillars were placed the Win- dows that gave light to the Hall, and through which, when laid open, thoſe that were on the platform could look into it. This fort of Halls muſt needs have been of an admirable magnificence, as well by reaſon of the ornaments of its Pillars, as for its height; becauſe the Soffte reached above the Cornice of the | ſecond Order, and one may judge how commodious they were, for receiving great companies, for banqueting, and for all manner of Recreations. Plate XXVIIL Plate XXIX. * Plate XXX. oY "BR HAP | TY enn DN — — ene, I 3 % hr 3 err 2 r * ö _ 1085 6 2 2 rene 8 © ” wands: 2 2 2 * 4 1 * 5 Ee — f : 223 w » 2 * * r * - : 3 N — * ” q a * ht x wo — ern —— — K _— | > : — : - 3 : - . . ** => * ip 3 a 1 — 8 I * > * - * Safe * PPP — ́³ OR wr % Ü—ῳ! . + 2 Tec tragvZ A= er ne 15 PT. the Porter's-lodges on the other. From this firſt entry, one C H AP. 10. . Of the private Houſes: * the Greeks '» truviut ſays, inſtead of making Portied's,: or Galleries and Halls, they made the entry to their Houſes very narrow *, Placing on one fide the Stables, and led into a Court, which had Pjazzas on three ſides, and towards that of the South they made more Anti, or butments of Pilaſters, which ſupported the joyſts of the C inwards : becauſe, that leaving ſome ſpace betweeri the one and the other, they had very large places, which they appointed for Lodgings to the Miſtreſs of the Houſe, and to the Men and Maid Servants. - On the ſame Floor with theſe but- ments, there were ſome Rooms which we may call Anti-chambers, Chambers, and Drawing-rooms, being every one juſt behind the other. About the Piazzas were places appointed for eating, ſleeping, and the like Family neceſſities To this Building was another join'd, greater and better adorn'd, with larger Courts, - wherein they made four Porticos, or Piazzas of equal height, if they did not make one of a larger ſize to the South; and then the Piazza on that fide was called Rhodian, perhaps becauſe the Rhodians firlt uſed this manner of Building. In theſe Courts were very magnificent Galleries to the Front: they had their own Gates, being inhabited only by Men. On the right and left fide of this Building they made others, which, as well as the foregoing, had their own particular Gates, with all the conveniences neceſſary for a dwelling. There they uſed to lodge Strangers; for it was a cuſtom among this Nation, that when they had a foreign Gueſt, they entertain'd him at their own Table the firſt day; but after that time they aſſign'd him an Apartment in this kind of Houſe, wherein they furniſhed him with every thing neceſſary for his maintenance: ſo that Strangers were thus obliged to no Ceremony, and had the fame liberty as if they had been all the while at their own home. And now I think I have ſufficiently explained the ancient Greek way of Building, as well as that we practiſe our * at preſent in the Towns. Parts of a private Houſe after the Grecian manner. A. Paſſage at the _ of the houſe. K. Great dining-room. B. Stables. L. Common Chambers. C. Porter's Lodge. M. Second Court, larger than 5 D. Firſt Court. Fin ſt. E. Lobby, or Veſtibule, thro which N. Piazza larger than the three people paſt into the rooms. others, the Court of which is F. Places where the women did r call d Rhodian. work, O. Paſſage leading from the little G. Firſt great Chamber, which we Court to the greater. may call an Anti- chamber. P. Three Piazzas, the pillars of H. A leſſer room. which are ſmall. I. A Chet. Q. Cizicene * Plate XXXI. - Chap. 12. Of u the to. be « choſen fo Couniry Houſes. 55 7 e Cizicene RefeFories, arid 5 V. Apartments for Strangers. : 18 2 ceries, or places that 1 a zo MN. Small paſſages which divided be painted. : A) the firangers apartments from 8 "A Hall. 9 85e of the maſter. 8. Library. ö V. Small open Courts. F. Spuare Hall where 15 _ 1 2. The principal fret: nA. XII. Of the Situation which mew a to be cel for guuny Fals 8 certainly * tis highly Aab arid convenient for a Gentleman to have a Houſe in the City, where he is obliged ſometimes to reſide, either as o- cupying ſome publick Poſt in the Government, or for the management of his own private Affairs; ſo perhaps he may receive no leſs pleaſure and advantage from a Houſe in the Country, where he paſſes the reſt of his time in ſeeing and im- proving his own Poſſeſſions, in augmenting his ſubſtance by induſtry and agri- culture; where, by exerciſing himſelf, either in walking, or on Horſe-back (which are only proper for the Country) he preſerves his Body ſtrong and healthy; and | where, in a word, the mind being overlaboured by the fatigues of the City, will be ſingularly recruited and recreated : fo that he may then quietly apply himſelf | | WG to the ſtudy of Books, or the contemplation of Nature, in imitation of thoſe an- . | '} .. cient Sages, who, on ſuch acccounts, uſed frequently to retire to the like places; „ where being viſited by their virtuous Friends and Relations, and poſſeſſing Plea- b | | it | fure-houſes, Gardens, Fountains, and ſuch other Objects of diverſion, but above | all their own virtue, they could eaſily attain that higheſt pitch of a happy Life, that on this earth can be poſſibly enjoyed. Now, having already, by the help of God, finiſhed all I had to ſay with relation to Houſes in the City, tis but rea- 2 ſonable I ſhould paſs next to thoſe in the Country, where private Affairs and . | i Family-bufineſs are chiefly tranſacted. But before we come to give the deſign h 3 | | and draughts of ſuch, it appears very proper to diſcourſe a little about Situation, OD 1 or the places fit to be choſen for ſuch Buildings; and of the compartment or e 1 diſtribution of the parts of the ſame: becauſe not being commonly (as in Towns) | 1 ſtraiten d for room by publick Buildings, nor confin'd by our Neighbours to cer- 55 1 tain determinate bounds, it is the duty of an able Architect to find out with all | : | care and diligence the moſt commodious and healthy places; ſince People live * in the Country for the greateſt part of the Summer, during which ſeaſon, our | e 1 Bodies, even in the healthieſt region, are apt to grow weak and ſickly, by rea- n ſon of the heats. In the firſt place therefore, let the ſeat pitch'd upon be, as near 'l as poſſible, the moſt convenient for the owner's Eſtate, that is, towards the center of the ſame; to the end that without much fatigue, he may himſelf view the whole at any time, and make improvements all around ; as likewiſe that the Tenants and Labourers may the more eaſily bring the growth of it to his Houſe. If the «1: js a beautiful and Building can be erected near a River, it will much conduce to its Beauty and eee Jo Convenience; becauſe thus not only the products of the Land can at all times upon a Moat, for the be the more eaſily carry'd by Water to the City, and that the Water itſelf will ©? 7*>portation of e . Goods and Proviſions; ſerve the uſes of the Houſe and Cattle; but it will render the proſpect moſt beſides, one may eaſily water Gardens and o- — agrecable, ther Grounds, > _ N _ 8 — by 8 þ th * 2 We; ey N * 4 _ . ** 1 , 3 — * - * n . he _ * 1 hn 1 » 4 8 — 04 of 2 8 nr — > 22 n * * 1 * 1 — * 8 1 N y * xr anos an er -_ * - 4 EXERT... 4 8 5 2 - * 4 pal _ R . * +3" 2 — 2 — *. = — Y 8 * 2 * Ts * 8 * 1 . ks "FL - * A Br 25 ££ EO — 8 n K 2 2 2 bs - i * 2 * * — — - . gar” = 2 , — 5 —— 4 h l — ” - — 2 Y - ”— — * — — + —— * - — e et ater” 3 as —_ . * 1 . WES ; * r 8 —— —ͤb — eee 1 K On 2 S's 1 a - #58 — ya — — "= . —— 8 —— 8 ol * — if » ny - ne; rr — a TRI. Wat ot” 4 5 $6 Architeciure of A. PaLLADio.” 3 l 2 * refreſh the Air in "Yo, 3 and with no ſmall. nee, & well as ornament; water the Fields, Gardens and Stalls, which are the very ſoul and ſupport of a Country Villa. But if the fituation can't be near a navigable River, let it be however near ſome Brook, or other running Water, and as far as anay be from dead or ſtagnant Waters; becauſe theſe generate the very worſt of Air which may be eaſily aveided, by building in elevated and. agreeable places : I mean where the Air being free, is in a continual motion, and the. Earth, by reaſon of its declivity, purg d from all humid and noxious Vapours ; where the Inhabitants are healthy, chearful, and very well complexion d; and where one is not diſturb'd with the noiſe. of Gnats, and other coke little Animals, which breed in putrefy'd and marſhy Waters. Yet fince Water is abſolutely ne- ceſſary to the Life of Man, and that Waters of different qualities produce in us different Effects, (whence ſome beget the Spleen, ſome the Gout, others the Stone, and others other Diſtempers) ſo the utmoſt care is be taken, that the Houſe may be near ſuch Water as has no odd or ill taſte, and that has no particular Tincture: but, on the contrary, that it be limpid, clear, light, and ſuch as, ſprinkled,” will not ſtain white Linnen, all theſe being ſigns of its goodneſs, Vitruvius has taught us many ways of trying the goodneſs of the water; and that Water is held perfect in its kind, which makes good Bread, wherein Greens are quickly boil'd, and which leaves no ſediment in the bottom of the Veſſel. It is an excellent mark of the goodneſs of Water, if in its paſſage there neither grow moſs nor ruſhes; but that its bed be clean and fine, with ſand or gravel at the bottom, and without mud or ſlime. The very animals that drink ordinarily of ſuch Wa- : ters will give marks of their goodneſs, if they are hearty, brisk, ſtrong, and in | | good caſe, being neither lean nor feeble. As for the ſalubrity of the Air, an in- dication of it, over and above thoſe already mention'd, may be taken from old Edifices, if they are neither corrupted nor conſumed ; from the Trees, if they be thriving, beautiful, ſtrait, and none of thoſe that naturally grow in fenny places; from the Rocks and Stones of the place, if they ſhew no ſigns of rottenneſs in the part that's above the ſurface of the Earth; and even from the complexion of | the Inhabitants, if it be natural, and ſhews a good Conſtitution, None ought to "0 h build in Valleys encloſed by Mountains: becauſe Houſes hid in ſuch places, beſides ji : their being depriv'd of diſtant Proſpects, and that they are not conſpicuous to $ * | others, which loſes all their Beauty and Reputation; they are moreover in every reſpect injurious to health, becauſe the Earth, being impregnated with the Rains that ſettle there, ſends forth Vapours peſtiferous, not only to the Bodies, but alſo to the Minds of Men; the ſpirits being by their means debilitated, the joints emaſ- . culated, the Nerves relax d, and the Proviſions carried into Magazines and WE Graineries corrupted with moiſture, If, on the other hand, the Sun can pop 4 trate into thoſe bottoms, the reflection of its Rays will cauſe exceſlive heats ; "i il it enters not, then a perpetual ſhade will render the People ſtupid, and {pol of : their Complexion. When the winds blow into them they are too impetuous, by >. reaſon of the narrow chops thro' which they muſt paſs ; and when they blow not _ = there, the air ſtagnating of courſe, will become groſs and fickly. The reſolu- * tion being taken therefore to build upon an eminence, let a ſituation be choſen that faces the temperate region of the Air, and that is neither always over- ſhadow'd by higher Hills, nor ſcorch'd up, as it were, with two Suns, by the re- flection of the true one from ſome neighbouring Rock: for in either of theſe caſes, it becomes an inconvenient habitation. Finally, in chuſing a ſituation l — 5 « * - _- A by * K — — — - - — _ — = 9 4 We ES 3; reg — * K. „ A BR ru. - F — for — —ͤ ͤ . * * Sth 1 r - = __ * Chap. 13. Of the Compartments of Country-bouſes. 57 for the building of a Filla,/or Country- houſe, all thoſe conſiderations are requi- fite, which are Uſed in chafing the ſituation of a City-houſe : for as the City is ot ha OO N _— or > erat is a little City. ba We o . of the Compartments of cee lee. F 7 k R having found and urbane upon an airy; pleaſant; IE wy healthy Situation, one muſt think next on the Compartment of the Build- ing; or the diſtribution. of its parts, and to make it both elegant and convenient. Two ſorts of Houſes are neceſſary in the Country: one for the dwelling of the Therefore it will be requiſite to diſpoſe the ſituation of both the Buildings in ſuch a manner, that the one may be no impediment to the other. The Maſter's Houſe muſt be made ſuitable to his Quality, and proportion d to the number of his Retinue, after the ſame manner as the City-houſes, whereof we have treated before. There muſt be proper covers. made for every thing belonging do the Villa, in proportion to the product of the ground and number of the Cattle, and contiguous to the main Houſe, that the Maſter may eaſily go every where ſheltered, without being hinder'd from minding his buſineſs by either Snow, or Rain, or the ſcorching heat of the Sun. This will ſerve alſo to ſhelter the Wood, and other numberleſs Country Proviſions, which too much moiſture of the Air, or the heat will {poll ; beſides, that ſuch Piazzas will make the Build- ing look much greater. Regard muſt alſo be had to lodge the Labourers, with all the Country tools and luggage conveniently, and allow them room enough. The Chambers of the Steward, of the Farmer, and of the Labourers, muſt be in a place convenient for them, and near the Gates for the Security of the other places. The Stalls and Stables for labouring Cattle, ſuch as Oxen and Horſes, muſt be far from the principal Houſe, becauſe of the ill ſmell of their dung; but they“ ought to be in a warm and airy ſituation. All breeding Creatures, ſuch as Hogs, Sheep, Pigeons, Fowls, and the like, require each a place proper to their kind ; and in this matter one muſt be ruled by the different cuſtoms of Countries. The Cellars muſt be under ground, very cloſe, and in a dry place, far from all noiſe, moiſture, or any ill ſmell. They ought to receive their light from the Eaſt to the North : becauſe that the Sun ſhining from the other fides, would be apt to heat, debilitate, and ſpoil the Wine or other Liquors. One muſt give them a little declivity in the middle, upon a cement Pavement, or elſe with {quare Stones ſo well Join d together, that ſhould the Wine happen to ſpill, one may take it up again. 'The tubs wherein the Wine is working, muſt be under covert near the Cellars; and be raiſed fo, that the props may be a little higher than the bung-hole of the Pipes, to the end the Wine may be eaſily carry d thro? Channels made of Leather or of Wood into the faid Pipes. Vor. I. „ e Taz Maſter and of his Family; the other for the Farmer, who improves the Land and gathers the Rents,” as well as for lodging the Cattle and the Fruits of the Earth. Colby or oy r ts A * 4 -_ ws I , 8 A 1 2 5 * A * 2 y * by 8 * e os Sorta * 8 7 : 1 8 1 2 4 4 4 n 1 LOO 8 . > * F 5 © : 1 r +, ati5 Þ > o £4.45 — N. & we C "> wh ” * . wand 5 8 2 A i „ — 2 e 1 EIT n * 4 4 22 RE "6 A , — — * - 2 4 F 9 . — — ” . — 2 * _ m—— 1 a = N — = + 3 Fa - * * - 4 — r > . 8 9 | * 2 . J - j =_ % * © * — 4 * — _ — - - * . e . . Arg eee . r 2-4 e 1 a WE. . de 1 . A = — . _ —_ — 1 TE - 8 A OTE : 3 MEE ">" * * Vat ang WIR R * nnn 4 Fm FIGS ot. 2 TP. Pp N NW * Na 8 = } * * Y » - * : $49, 3 C 0 * 7 Abe + 7 Sn h = 4 * 3 0 * 8 N * * 905 þ f $ > 4 * % N. $ 7 Pt 885 * RNS * * * 4 1 TD 4 * y 58 E „cke of kbar” at ont, — have theit light fam the North,: Wants that en this Eds: 8 | they wortt be expoſed to the heap, Dur rather refreſhed: by tho/Wind; and the: other Vermin as do it a great deal of hurt. One muſt. 4 Ss 38 * with excellent Earth; but when ſuch is not to be had, n be- | cauſe Lime is a great Enemy to Corn. Tux other Store-houſes, on the very ſame Gt muſt hows their lights 1 to T the ſame fide. The Hay-lofts' may be to the Sonth or Weſt ; becauſe. when the Hay is thus well dry'd by the Sun, there will be no danger it ſhoold corrupt wii. 8 ho The tools and implements belonging to Tillage, are beſt under co 2. verts turn'd to the South. The Barns where the Corn is threſhed muſt be expoſed ik do the Sun, ſpacious, large, upon a firm ground, and a little raisd in the middle; bs as round about it, or at leaſt on one of its ſides, there ought to be a Piazza, that F: 5 in caſe of a ſudden Rain, one may immediately ſecure the Corn. "Tis not propet. | it ſhould be too near the Maſter's Houſe, ' becauſe of its duſt; but 1 it _ not to be fo far from it, but that it may be within his view.” Tus in general is ſufficient concerning the choice that is to be REN of ths Situation and Compartment of Country- houſes: now, to acquit my Telf of my - promiſe, I ſhall give here the draughts of ſome ny which, W to * Inventions, I bare built 1 in the TY 61 e CH AP . . | 1 h NESS The | Dranghrs of ſeveral Country-houfes built by Noble Venetians, | | _ HE following Houſe - is at Bagnols, whhia two miles of Lonigo, a Caſtle — 7 in the Yicentin, belonging to the three Brothers, the magnificent Counts . Ce 3 . 2 Marco, and Daniel Piſani. On both ſides of the Court are the Stables, bl! ns | _ Cellars, Granaries, and ſuch other places for the ſervice of the Villa. The Co- : { : | lumns of the Porticos are of the Dorick Order. The Lord's Apartment is in the j & oo middle of the Building. The Floor of the firſt Chamber is raiſed ſeven foot I above the level of the Ground, under which is the Kitchen, and other places 1 . belonging to the Servants. The Hall is arch' d, its height being equal to its I - ET, breadth, and one half more. The Arches of the Galleries have likewiſe the ſame 1 5 „ proportion. The Chambers are ceil'd, and as high as broad; the greateſt are a | 1 ſquare and two thirds long; the others are but a ſquare and a half. There was $ 3 5 not fo great regard had in placing the two back-ſtairs, where they might receive . 5 a clearer light (as we have order d in the firſt Book) becauſe theſe Stairs ſerving AW 5 only ſor the Offices underneath, or for the Granaries and other like places above, MY OO, the chief care was to compleat the middle Apartment where the Maſter lodges, as yi | well as Strangers; and the Stairs leading to this Story are very advantageouſly placed, as may be ſeen in. the draught. Let this ſerve for a general advertiſe- ment to the prudent Reader, with reſpect to all the other Houſes which have but - as _- 4 CAN f raed arm, a AY [| | one Story ; becauſe in ſuch as have two fine ones, and well adorn'd, I have taken . care to order it ſo, that the Stair- caſes are very lightſome, and in convenient 1 f places : : 1 ſay two Stories, becauſe neither what is under ground for Cellars and . . ſuch * Plate XXXII. 4 | 3 no SEE 3 changer and Garret, is N d re the wh 88 ee e Gentlemen. Houſe wing *"bolongs to the magnificent Lord Froncife Badvero in the Polefine, I place call'd la Fran. Tis ſituated upon an aſcent, at the foot of which Falles a branch of the ige, where a Caſtle of Salinguera de Ei, Brother-in-law to Exzelino Roman, anciently ſtood. All this Building has a Pedeſtal five foot high for its Baſis, at the level of which is the floor of the Chambers, which are all of them ceil'd and painted in groze/que of a very fine Invention, by Gialh Florentine. The Granaries are above; and the Kitchen, with the Cellars and other conveniences, are below. The Colm of the Galleries in the body of the Houſe are Tonick.” The Cornice goes about the whole Houſe like a Crown. The Pediment over the Portico makes a very fine ſhew, raiſing the middle of the Houſe higher than the wings. Afterwards, as one goes down- wards, there are the Farmer's and Steward's Habitations, the 8 270 and ſuch other places fit for a Country-houſe. Tus magnificent Lord Marco Zeno has put the: wllowing invention + in nN at Caſalto, which is a place near the Caſtle of Ia Motra, in the Trevi. It ſtands upon a baſement, that ſurrounds the whole Building, equal with | this oor of the Rooms, which are all arch'd. The height of the largeſt is ac- | cording to our ſecond manner. The Arches of the ſquare Rooms are grinded in the angles about the Windows : Thoſe of the Cloſets, or Rooms near the Gal- leries, are faſciated as are thoſe of the Hall. The Hall and Galleries are arch d of an equal height, and are likewiſe both of them higher than the Rooms. This Houſe has Gardens, a 3 a e ve and every _ that is neceſ - Gry for 4 Country dwelling. © ” Nx AR to Gambarare, on the Brides, is the Allowing Building **, ** which is the Houſe of the magnificent Lords Micolo and Luigi de Fyſcari. The Houſe is raiſed eleven foot from the level of the ground, and below are the Kitchens, Pantries, and the like places. Every thing is arch'd as well above as below. The Arches of the great Chambers are made after our firſt manner. Thoſe of the ſquares are arch'd round like a Cupola. On the Cloſets are Mezanini. The Hall is arch'd half round grinded : its impoſt is as high from the Floor as the breadth of the Hall, which is excellently painted by Meſſer Battiſta Venetiano. Meſſer Batriſta Franco, one of the beſt draughtſmen of our time, did alſo to paint one of the great Chambers, but he died before he could finiſh his Work. The Portico is of the Tonick Order. The Cornice goes round the whole Houſe, and makes a pediment above the Portico, as well as on the oppoſite part. Un- der the Eves of the Roof there is a ſecond Cornice, which paſſes above the pe- diments. The upper Rooms are like M exanings, becauſe of the little height they have, which is but eight Foot. | Ar Maſera, near the Caſtle of Fob, in the Trevigian, is the following ++ Houſe, which belongs to the moſt Reverend Daniel Barbaro, Patriarch ele& of Aquileia, and to the Lord Marco Antonio Barbaro, his Brother. That fide of the Building which advances a little outwards, has two ſtories of Rooms. The floor of the higher ones is level with a Court that is behind, where there is a Fountain wrought in the Mount directly over-againſt the front of the Houſe, with an infinite number of Ornaments, both of Stuc and Painting. This Foun- tain forms a little Lake, which ſerves for a Pond ; from whence the Water over- | flowing, * Plate XXXIII. + Plate XXXIV. Plate XXXV. Tt Plate XXXVI. _—_— — » FR 1 Dau / 4 Noblemes's 5 Seats, on the Terra Firma. t 4 IV. plats * che Fra icentine, ard Final, | is [he „ Swing Houſe ＋, whith be- © longs to the Lord Biagio Sarracens. The floor of the Rooms is rais'd five 8 from the ground. The great Chambers are a ſquare and five eighths long, their height being equal to their breadth, and are all ceil'd. This height is alſo continu d in the Hall. The Cloſets near the Galleries are arch'd : the height of the Arcaes is equal to that of the Rooms. - The Cellars are below, and the Gra- naries above, being of the ſame extent with the whole Houſe. The Kitchens are without, but ſo near that they are convenient enough: all the other places, neceſſary to a Country-houſe, are on the two ſides of the Building. Tux draughts that follow ** are of the Houſe of Signior Girolamo Ragona, a Vicentine Gentleman, Who built it at one of his Lordſhips call d Je Ghizzo/e. This Houſe has the ſame conveniency 1 have mentioned above, which is, that one can walk every where under covert. The floor of the Maſter's Apartments is raiſed twelve foot above the ground. Under theſe are all the conveniencies for the Houſhold. Above are other Chambers, which may not only ſerve for Gra- naries, but alſo for Lodgings upon oceafion. The principal ſtairs are in the fore- front, and anſwer directly to the Porticos of the Court. Ar Pogliana, a place in the Vicentine, is the following Houſe 7, 8 to the Cavalier Feꝑliana. The Rooms have been adorn'd with Paintings and very fine ſtuccatures by- Meſſer Bernardino India, and Meſſer Anſelmo Canera, Painters of Verona, and by Meſer Bartholomeo Rodolſi, Sculptor of the ſame p The great Rooms are a ſquare and two thirds long, and arch'd. Over the Clo- Vo. I. | 8 * Plate XI. + Plate XII. ** Plate XIII. *+ Plate XIIII. " Poole may. go under ſhelter every where about this Houſe, which is one of the ſets * 41 Ss a, —_ 7 W _ * . —_— 1 - T © . , - 3 K 1 n 5 — — . — ” — * * r me” —— — — . yz 1 K. wh g ä — 2 3 2 ut xg. e 3 : r — 'Y 1 3 if * Li N 1 * 1 4 " . d f 1 9 CPs . 9 CO EO — — — „ 2 IR IR - . * * 8 "Ln a > : — HE: Een vo — - . _ — * n , 4-7 a 3 8 n : 2 : . — F Ko 4 4 3 - — 4 * — 1 8 b r 8 . os ; —— — „ 2 8 2 , DON „ . * Ri}. 8” — x. Ay. — * e 3 mer; 22 K . I — e pe * * 8 * = renee — — 4 4- > 9 6 ; 5 | 62 The ArchizeFiure of A. N „„ ſets are Maraninos. The height of zhe Halls one half more a ts b and is equal to the height of the Gallery. The Hall is arch'd wich a Fans, and the Portico with a croſs-grinded Arch. The Granaries are bore all theſe Apartments, as the Cellars and Kitchen are under them; becauſe the floor of the firſt Story is raiſed five foot above the ground. The lower yard, and other pla- ces for the uſe of a Country- houſe, are on one ſide of it, and à Garden which anſwers to the yard is on the other fide. Behind the Houſe is an Orchard and a Fiſh-pond : ſo that this Gentleman, who is magnificent, and of a noble Tpirit, has ſpar'd nothing which he thought might bring'ornament or r op 1 Houſe, in order to make it as fine, delightful, and compleat as poſſible. Ar Liziera, a place near Vicenza, Signior Gio. Franceſco Fahnarana, of T9 Memory, built the following Houſe . The Galleries or Porticos ate Fonick; the Columns are upon a ſquare baſe which ſurrounds the whole Houſe. To the level | of this baſement is the floor of the Gallery and Rooms, which are all ceifd. At the Angles of this Building there are four areh'd Towers; the Hall is alſo arch'd with a Faſcia. This Houſe has two Court- yards, che he forwards for the uſe of the- Maſter, and the other backwards, where they threſh the Corn. About this Court are coverts, and all other places neceſſary to a Country-houſe. T xz Counts Franceſco, and Ludovice de Triſſini, Brothers, began the Building of the following + Draught at Meledo, a place in the Ficentine. Its fituation is very fine, being on a Hill, that's waſh'd by a little River, in the midſt of a ſpa- cCious Plain, and on a well requented Road. On the top of the Hill there is to be a Hall encompaſ'd with Rooms; but rais d fo high that it may receive its Light above them. This Hall has * demi-pillars, which ſu to which People enter by the upper Chambers, which ſerve but port a Corridor, the Meza#inos, being only ſeven foot high. Under the floor of the firſt Chambers are the Kitchens, Pantries, and ſuch like places. And becauſe every front of the Houſe bas a wary fine proſpect, there are made four Porticos or Galleries to them of the Corinth ius Order; above the of which one ſees the Qupolo of the Hall. The Talkie that come round it look extraordinary well. The Hay-loſts, Cellars, Stables, Granaries, the Farmer's Lodging, and other Family | cotwehiencics arc lower. The Columns of the Porticos are of the Tian Order; and at the corners of the Court near the River are two Dove-houſes. Ta1s Building ** is at Canpiglia a place of at and belowgy 40 Signor Marſo Repeta, who finifh'd it according to the deſign of the late Signor Franceſco his Father of bleſſed Memory. The Pillars of the Porticos are of the Dorick Order; the intercolumnation is four diameters of a column. In the two ' remoteſt Corners of the Roof, where one ſees the Galleries, without the main body of the Houſe, there are two Dove-houſes and Galleries. On the fide to- | wards the Stables are divers Chambers, every one dedicated to ſome. particular Virtue, as one to Juſtice, another to Chaſtity, and others to other Virtues,” with Elogiums and Pictures appropriated to the ſubject. Part of theſe were done by Battiſta Maganza, a Vicentine Painter, who is alſo an excellent Poet, and ard has done all this deſignedly, that as the Gentleman receives thoſe who viſit him moſt courteouſly, ſo he may lodge every one of his Gueſts and Friends in the Apartment of that Virtue to which he thinks them moſt inclined. In this Build- ing one may go every where conveniently under Piazzas. And ſince the Farm- houſe is of the ſame Order with that of ar Maſter's it ſelf, all chat this aft wants Plate XLIV.0o T Plate XLV. ®* Plate XLVI, 3 Chap. 1 is. The m ſome Noblemen's Seats, &c. 63 in Frestnetß by not being mort coſtly'than the other, cer made us: to the former, by being equal both in ornament and ſymmetry. Tus following Houſe * belongs to che two Brothers, Las Edvard ad Nude e I ſtands in a place call d Cipogna, where Count Francis their Farher began to build it. The Hall is in the middle of the Houſe, and round it are ſome Torick Pillars, which ſupport a Corridor which is level with the floor of the upper Rooms. The Arch of this Hall reaches to the Roof, The great Rooms are arch d with a Faſcia, the ſquare ones Oven-wiſe, and are taifed in fach a manner; that they form four little Turrets on the angles of the Building, The Cloſets have Mezaniz0s above them, whoſe doors are over-againſt the middle of the Stairs, which have no Wall in their middle : and as the Hall, by receiving its light from above, is extraordinary lightſome, theſe Mezaninos tire allo ſuffi- . ciently light; and by io much the more, as they have their light from the top, being open iti the middle. The Cellars and Granaries are in one of the-cover'd fides, or Arches of the yard; and in the other are the Stables, with the othet places ſerving for Country uſes: The two Galleries that make as it were the two ar of the main Building, ſerve to unite the Farmer's Houſe to that of the Maſter. There are two yards with Porticos, the one ſerves to lay up the cp the other do lodge the Husbandmen and their 8ervants. Tus following Houſe + belongs to Count — who buile it in tis Lordſhip of Ahigarans, a place in the Vicenrine. On both ſides of the Court fte the Cellars, the Granaries; the Wine-prefies, the Farmer's Houſe, the Stables, with che Dove- houſe; and beyond there & on one ſide a Court or Yard fer the Country neceflaries, and on the other ſide a Garden. The Maſter's Houſe is in Cloſtts; both above and below, have Ma . | The'Brenta, a River very plentiful of excelient Fiſh, runs near this Builfling- The mn for is delicious Wines and Fruits, but more eſpecially for the courteſy of its Lord. Tas following draughts are of Count Omar Thieni's Houle; in a place call'd Quinto. This Building was begun by Count Marc Autunib bis Father, of happy Memory, and by Count Ad5ano his Uncle. The fituation is very fine, for it has the Ne ina on one ſide, and a pretty large branch of the fame River on the other. This Palace has a Gallery before its Gate of the Dorit Order, thro' which one paſſes into another Gallery; 'and from that into the Court, which has alſo two Galleries in its wings, at the end of which are all the Rooms and A- partments, of which ſome have been painted by Giovanni Indemio; a Vi icentine, and a very ingenious Man. Over againſt the Portico of the entry there is ano- ther Gallery exactly like it, which brings you to an Atrium with four Pillars, and ſtrait forwards to a Court whoſe Porticos are of the Dorick Order, It ſerves for all the uſes of the Villa. There is no principal ftair-caſe, that has any propor- tion to the reſt of the Building; becauſe the upper part of this Houſe ſerves wy for Wardrobes, Stores, and Lodgings for the Servants. | Ar Lonedo, a place in the Vicentine, is the following Houſe ++, belonging to Signor Girolamo de Gadi. It is ſituated on a little Hill that has a very fine proſpect, near a River that furniſhes it with Fiſh. To render this fituation proper for Country purpoſes, they have made yards and paſſages ſupported by Arches at a very conſiderable Expence. The Maſter's and Family's Apartment is in the mid- dle of the Building. The floor of the Chambers is raiſed thirteen foot from the level of the ground, and they are ceil'd. The Granaries are above; and below under * Plate XLVIl. + Plate XLNDE ** Plate XIX. TT Pl IL. che middle, all the firſt fioty of it vtingarchid, and dhe fond eil'd. The oo 64 be Architecture of A. PALLAD td 363 under the raiſing of the thirteen foot; are the Cellars, Kitchens, places. to. ake Wine, and other n conveniences. The height of the Hall is to the very roof, and it has two rows of Windows. At each fide of the Houſe chere are great yards with coverts, ſerving for Country: uſes. The Houle. id painted with | great nicety by Meſſer Gualterio Padoano, Meſſer Battifta del Mora of Veruna, and Meſſer Battiſta Yenetiano : for this Gentleman having a mind to make his Houſe as perfect as poſſible, and having himſelf no ſmall. Judgment, _ no coſt. to get the moſt excellent Workmen and Artifts of our tim. Ar Santa Sophia, a place within five Miles of Verona, is the following Houſe * . | which belongs to Count Marc Antonio Sarego. Its fituation is on a very How Hill of a moſt eaſy aſcent, betwęen two Valleys, from whence one ſees a great part of the City. Round about are ſeveral other Hills very agreeable | to the Eye, and abounding with excellent Waters, whereby the Houſe and Garden are adorn d with ſeveral admirable Fountains. By reaſon of its agreeableneſe, this place was | formerly the delight of the Lords de la Scala; and we may alfo judge, by ſorge old Ruins which are found there, that in the time of the ancient Romans it was in great eſteem. That part of this Building which ſerves for the-Maſter's Apart- ment and his Family, has a Court wholly ſurrounded with Porticos. The Pil- lars are of the Ionick Order, and coarſly wrought, as ſeems to become a Coun- try-houſe, to which nice and finiſh'd Works bear not fo true a reſemblance as plain and natural ones. Theſe Pillars ſupport the Cornice, which makes the Gut- ters that receive the Rain that falls from the. top of the Houſe; and behind are ſome pilaſters under the Porticos, that bear the floors of the: ſecond ſtory. In this cine ſecond ſtory are two Halls over-againſt one another, the largeneſs of which may be ſeen in the draught F by the lines that go croſs each, other, and are carry'd on from the further Walls to the Pillars. Near this Court is [the + Farmer's Yard, where there are on n both fides all the covert PIE _ matters. Tux following“ is the Houſe of Coun Arnibal Sarego, in a place of 8 Collogneſe called la Miga. The whole Building is raiſed on a Pedeſtal or Baſe- ment four foot and a half high; level to which is the floor of the firſt Cham- bers; under which are the Cellars, Kitchens, and other Places for the Lodgings or other uſes of the Family. The firſt Chambers are arch'd, and the ſecond ceil'd, The Farmer” $ you with all the ans conveniencies, is near the Houle. Plate II. + Pie II. Plate LII. Chap. 16. Of the Comntry-houſes F the Ancient, 6 g* * n 1 _ CHAP.” XVI. "Of the gun dull £4 the Ancients. ITHE RTO I the given this Sights of ſeveral AERIE FR | by my direction: it remains that I now give you ſome * after the manner of the Ancients, according to what Vitruvius has deliver d; for in theſe you may ſee all the places belonging to the Lodgings, and the conveniencies of the Country, turn d to the regions of the Heaven that are moſt proper. I ſhall not 5 here inſiſt upon what Pliny ſays about chis Subject, my deſign being only at b to explain what Vitruvius ſays* of it. The principal front of the Building * Scamozz? intirely turn'd to the South, and has a Gallery, from which one enters by a paſſage Tala, and h. - ; made pne in his Book 2 the Kitchen, which receives its light above the places adjacent, as it muſt 2. fr fn wy opinion have the Chimney in the middle. On the left-hand fide are the ftalls for the from Virruvius as Oxen, the manger whereof muſt be turn d to the Eaſt, The Bagnios muſt alſo e ſays, that in private be on the fame fide, and at the ſame diſtance from the Kitchen as from the —_ 3 Gallery, becauſe of the room they require. On the right-hand you have the Oil- tion of any part of preſſes, and other places for the Oil, which anſwer the places of the Bagnios, and publickBuildings, Be- des, he gives here turn'd to the Faſt, South and Weſt. The Cellars are backwards, far from all only a general Po- noiſe, and open to the North for fear of the Sun. The Granaries are above and og aro pacing | the Parts for Uſe an receive the ſame light, and the ſame way as the Cellars do. On the right and anna" go left ſides of the Court are falls for the Cattle, ſtables for the Horſes, convenien- the back part of the _ cies. for Sheep and other Animals; with Hay-lofts and Barns to put the Straw in, Houſe, and notinthe Courts; which is a- as well as Bake-houſes, all which muſt be as far from any Fire as may be. gainſt the Text of The Maſter's Habitation is backwards, the principal front of which is oppoſite to legen zn Epil of the Farmer's Houſe ; fo that in theſe Country Buildings the Halls are always in 7 FM the back part. All the ſame things were obſerv'd in theſe, whereof we have ; ſpoken above, in giving the draughts of the private Houſes of the ancients, which is the reaſon why I have had-no regard now but to what purely concerns the Country. In all the Buildings which I have made in the Country, and alſo in ſome of thoſe in Towns, I have always placed the Pediments before, where e principal Gates are; becauſe they make the principal entry to the Houſe more obſervable, and contribute very much to the magnificence and nobleneſs of the Building, This gives the fore-part a great advantage over the others, and there- fore it muſt be made higher; beſides that it is much praperer to put there the Arms of the Owner, which are commonly placed in the middle of them. The ancients employed them alſo in their works, as is to be ſeen in the old remains of Temples and other publick Buildings; from which tis probable, as I have ob- ſerved in the Preface to my firſt Book, that they borrow'd the contrivance and proportions of private Houſes. Vitruvius in the laſt Chapter of his third Book, teaches us how to make them. 85 * * Plate LIII. Vol. I. F CHAP. CELL. 2 = — 2 —— * r * r — 4 3 > — Py % 3 2 8 P Þ 3 I x N * N = 3 3 * „ DIA" 3 5 4 NN 2 — 8 * 8 os & « R of . - hi a. * 14 — "66 The ArchileGure of A.\PaLLADIO. 1 yncits S UA RS Of ſome Inventions. ſuited 70 different . 8 Y firſt intention was not to write but of thoſe Buildings 1 that were brought to their perfection, or at leaſt ſo far advanc d, that one could ſoon hope to ſee them finiſh'd : but having obſerv d, that it is often neceſſary to confine one's ſelf to the ſituation, and that one has not always free room to build, I have thought it would not be amiſs to add to my former draughts ſome new inventions of my own (which were defir'd of me by ſeveral Perſons of Quality, tho' ſome alterations in their affairs have obſtructed the execution) becauſe the ir- regularity and difficulty of their ſituation, and the method I have obſerved to con- trive the Chambers and other places, ſo as to be correſpondent and proportionable N to cach other, may, in my opinion, prove of no little uſe and advantage. Tre ſituation of this firſt draught *' is of a pyramidal form: the baſis of the Pyramid makes the principal front of the Houſe, which has three Orders of Pillars, Dorick, Tonich, and Corinthian. The Veſtibule is ſquare; and its Arch, the height and breadth whereof is equal, is ſupported by four columns, On the one and the other ſide are two Chambers, whoſe length is a ſquare and two thirds, and they are arch'd after our firſt way. They have every one a Cloſet, with a ſmall Stair- caſe to go up to the Mezaninos. At the end of the entry I had placed two Cham- bers a ſquare and a half long, with two Cloſets near them of the ſame proportion, which would alſo have had their ſtairs to the Mezanines : and farther, I contriv'd a Hall of a ſquare and two thirds long, with columns equal to thoſe of the V- | fibule. Next to this there had been a Gallery, on both ſides of which I would have placed two out-ſtairs, and farther on a yard, in one fide of which ſhould be the Kitchen. In the ſecond ſtory the Chambers were to be twenty foot high, and thoſe of the third eighteen : but the height of each of the Halls was to be quite to the Roof, and level with the Chambers of the ſecond Rory ; the Halls would have had ſome Balconies, or Corridors, wherein to place Perſons of diſtinction at the time of F eſtivals, Banquetings, or ſuch like di- verſions. I Maps the 4 draught + for a ſituation in Venice. The principal front has three Orders of columns, the Ionich, the Corinthian, and the Com pofite. The Veſtibule advances a little outwards, and is adorn'd with four columns, equal and like to thoſe of the front. The Chambers, which are on the wings, are arch'd after our firſt method. Beſides theſe, there are other Chambers that are ſmaller, and Cloſets with ſtairs to go up to the Meganinos. At the end of the entry one goes thro' a paſſage into a ſecond Hall, which on one ſide has a little Court, by which it receives its light, and on the 9 85 the principal Stair-caſe of an Elli ical form, and open in the middle, with columns all round, that ſupport the iteps. Farther on you have another paſſage whereby to enter into a Gallery, te columns of which are Tonick, and equal to thoſe of the Veſtibule. On each ſide of this Gallery there is an Apartment like thoſe at the entry, but that on the at hand is in a place which contracts it a little more. Hard by there's a Court adorn'd quite round with columns, which form a Corridor, that ſerves for the Apartment * Plate LIV. T Plate LV. Woe 0 hap. I 7. Of ſome Inventions ſuited to different ſituations. 67 t of the Women, whetein-they cook, and which therefore ſhould be A The upper part is like the lower one, except the Hall; which is above the entry, has no columns, and is raiſed to the roof, having a Corridor that is level to the Chambers of the third ſtory, and might alſo ſerve the upper Windows, becauſe this Hall has two Rows of them. The floor of the leſſer Hall will be of the ſame height with the Arches of the ſecond Chambers, theſe being twenty three foot high, The Chambers of the third tory are eighteen foot high, and ceil d. All the Doors and Windows would be directly perpendi- cular over one another, and each Wall would bear its ſhare of the weight, were the deſign executed. The Callan, Laundries, and other Offices, would have been under ground. S8ou time ago I we the Gleving draught *, at the requeſt of the two Brothers Count Franciſco and Count Lodoico de Trifſini, for a place they had in the City of Vicenza; according to which the Houſe would have had a ſquare Veſtibule, divided into three ſpaces by rows of Corinthian columns, to give more ſtrength and proportion to its Arch. On the Wings would have been two Apartments, with ſeven Rooms in each, including three Mezaninos, for which the ſtairs, which are next the Cloſets, would have ſery'd. The height of the great Rooms was to be twenty ſeven foot; that of the leſſer, and leaſt of all but eighteen. Farther in you would have dunn a Court, ſurrounded with Galleries of the Tonick Order. The columns of the farſt floor of the fore front were alſo to be Jonich, and equal to thoſe of the Court; thoſe alſo of the ſecond floor were to be Corinthian. The Hall would have been wholly free, of the ſame bigneſs with the Ye/ibule, and raiſed up to the roof; and level to the floor of its Sofita there would have been a Corridor. The great Rooms would have been ceil'd, but the leſſer and ſmalleſt ones arch d. The Womens Apartment, with the Kitchen and the like Offices, were to be on one fide of the Court; as the Cellars, a place for firing, and the reſt of the Houſhold conveniencies, were to be under ground. Tus other invention + was for Count Giacomo Angarano, who had alſo a ſpot of ground in the ſame City. The columns of the front are of the Compoſite Order. The Chambers on the fide of the Entry are a ſquare two thirds long. Cloſe to them there is a Cloſet, with a Mezanino above it. Aſter this, you paſs to a Court ſurrounded with Porticos, the columns whereof are thirty foot, with Pilaſters be- hind them (which Vitruvius calls Paraſtates) to ſupport the floor of the ſecond Gallery, upon which there is yet another open one, level with the higheſt floor of the Houſe, rail'd all round. Farther in, you find yet another Court, ſur- rounded alſo with Porticos; the columns of the firſt Order of which are Dor:ck, and of the ſecond Tonick. The ſtairs are in the Court, and oppoſite to them are Stables, where might alſo be placed the Kitchen and the Servants Lodgings. As to the upper part, the Hall ſhould have been without columns, and its ceiling muſt have reach'd to the roof of the Houſe. The Chambers would have been equally high and broad, having Cloſets and Mezanines like the lower ones. One could make a Corridor upon the Columns of the fore-front of the Houle, which might be very convenient on ſeveral occaſions. In Verona, on a very fine ſituation called Gli Portoni della Bra, Count Gio Battiſta della Torre had a mind to build according to the following draught **. The Houſe was to be adorn'd with Gardens, and all manner. of imbelliſhments that can make a place convenient and delightful, The firſt Rooms were to be | arch'd, * Plate LVI. . + Plate LVII. Plate LVIII. SS \ 5 - EEC. , 5 | 1 6 N . _ 81 en "= r _ * nM. * © 8 7 wb J — 7 - - ad & * — 0 a 4 Is i 8 > 4 N * — 13 Er ant * —· 1 3 = ju = 244 — ů ——— t — x . 5 5 * 3 $0804 _ e . 68 The ArchiteBtare of A. ns bb e nt, arch d, and above all the little ones would hive been Mezaninos, with fmall ſtairs. - to go up to them. The Chambers of the ſecond ſtory were to be ceil'd.. The height of the Hall was to be as far as the ref, and level with the floor of the Soffit would have been a Corridor or Balcony. It was to receive its light from the Gallery ; and from the Windows it was to have on the wings. I Hap alſo given to Signior Gio. Battiſta Garzadore, a Vicentine Gen the following draught“, in which there are two Galleries after the Curinabian Order, the one before and the other behind. Theſe Galleries have their Soffits, and the lower Hall alſo, which is in the inner part of the Houſe ; that during the Summer they may be cool there, and it has further two rows of Windows. Its 0ſt is ſu pported by four columns, which likewiſe ſupport the floor of another ſquare Hall that is above it, but without columns. It is almoſt as high as it is broad, and indeed only higher, as the Cornice is in thicknef. The Arches of the great Rooms are raiſed after our third method, and thoſe of the Cloſets are ſixteen foot. The upper Rooms are ceil'd. The columns of the ſecond Galleries are Compoſite, and a fifth part leſs than the lower ones. Upon theſe Galleries are Frontons, which give, as I have already faid, a great air and nobleneſs to a Build- ing, making it appear higher in the middle than on the wings; beſides that, they alſo ſerve to contain the Arms of the Family. Tx illuſtrious Signor Leonardo Mocenigo defir'd I ſhould make the following | draught + for a ſpot of ground he had on the Brenta. Four Galleries, of a quar- ter of a circle each, like the Arms of the Houſe, ſeem to accoſt and phe pa all thoſe that come towards it. The Stables are on the ſides of theſe Galleries, in it the fore part, that looks to the River; and the Kitchen, with the Farmers and Husbandmens Apartments, are on the back part, taking up alſo the fides. The Gallery, which is in the middle of the fore-front, is after the Pycnoſtyle manner, that is to ſay, that the columns are very thick, and near one another ; and becauſe theſe columns are forty foot high, they have ſome pilaſters behind them, that are two foot broad, and a foot and three inches thick, which ſupport the floor of the upper Gallery. Further one finds a Court furrounded with Galleries after the Tonick Order. The Porticos are as broad as the Pillars are high, excepting only one diameter of a column. The Galleries and the Chambers that look towards the Gardens, are alſo of the ſame breadth, to the end that the Walls, which make the ſeparation of every Apartment, may be directly in the middle, to bear the weight of the roof. The firſt Chambers would be very convenient Dining-rooms, if there ſhould happen to be great Company in the Houſe. They are of a double proportion. The Chambers on the angles are ſquare, and are arch'd with a Faſcia, The Impoſt is as high as the diameter of the Chamber, and the Arches are a third part of their breadth in height. The Hall is two ſquares and a half in length : columns are plac'd in, that they may make the length and breadth recportionable to the height ; and theſe columns ſhould have been only in the lower Hall, that the upper one might be altogether free and agreeable. The columns of the Galleries above the Court, are a fifth leſs than the lower ones, and are Corinthian, The upper Rooms are as high as they are broad. The ftairs are at the end of the Cuts and go up each a contrary way to the other. Wir u this draught 1 ſhall, God be EY finiſh theſe two Books, wherein I have endeavour'd with all poſſible brevity, to put together, and to teach moſt 3 clearly, * Plate LIX. + Plate LX. | Chap. 17. 07 7 Inventions ſuited to to "A rent Austin 69 clearly, as well by Words as by Dranghts all tho ſethings that I have thought the moſt neceſſary and important in the Art of Building well; and more parti- cularly with reſpect to private Houſes, which are to be beautiful and magnificent, 2 convenient for the ONE and creditable for the Builder. REMARK I KNOW not FY reaſon why this plate * was not inſerted by Palladio, in ſerie 8 * part of his Book, amonyy bis other draughts of private Houſes, fince it appears ma- 5 %, that it comes from the ſame hand with all the reſt, and that tis probable it was not defign'd for any other purpoſe ; if it be not, perhaps, that the Graver did not finiſh it time enough fer the Printer, as we have ſeen above, page 47, that the like has happen'd once before. But be this how it will, the draught deſerves a place bere. . Tet that it may be diſtinguiſh d as adopted, or rather a poſthumous piece of this our Author, I have fingularis' d it by à different Charafter, and give w 5: ah 4a place, to avoid breaking in upon the order of the Book : befides that this plate, with two others of the am: Author, (which are the plan and elevation of che Dorick Temple, that I reſerve for the concluſion of this work) were found a- mong the reſt, that were ſent from Venice to Mr. de Chambray at Paris, who fir ft "IN — in his French Tranſlation, from whence I took it. 2 Plate LXI. *. ED of the Second Book Vol. I. . : U NorzEs gs weary Robes =y NA On; 1N100 JovEVs we Plates of the Second Book of PALL ADTO's Architecture Taken from the Manuſcript of the ſaid. Inzco onze, in the Library of N OY FO 23, . ibs JLATE IL. A. The Ranging or Continua- tion of the Baſe between the Columns left off, and the Ruſtic continued to the bottom of the Baſe, I do approve of, being well judged. . B. The Ruſtie Coings of this Building agree 1 D. Old Portico. well with the Ruſtic of the Front. PLATE III. The hither part of this Buildin to the prick'd Line is finiſh'd, but the re have ſome part of the Baſement up only. If this Building had been finiſh'd, it would have been a very magnificent Palace. | B. The Columns are of Brick, the Soffita is of Wood-work. PLATE IV. The Jonick Columns are 4 paft leſs, than the Doriot Columns under them. A. The Rail and Banniſter is ſet in one Width, the Wall and the Jambs of the Windows, with the Seal of the Mold, ranges all along the Pedeſtal 3 and the Ban- niſters ſtand directly on the top of the Dorick Cornice. B. The Plinth has only the upper Members of the Baſe of the double Columns, and docs agree with the reſt of the Pedeſtal. PLATE V. A. This Houſe has two Fronts and two Entries in two different Streets. B. Are the largeſt Rooms by the Entrance, and are arched; the other Rooms are like- wiſe archd of the laſt manner of arch- ing, and the upper Rooms are arched a Botte. All the Rooms of the two vincent Stories arc adorn'd with Stucco and Painting. C. The Hall at the Entrance is arched a Cro- chicra upon four Columns, for more Strength and for ſupporting the Arches. E. Paſſages into the Court. H. The Court has a Portico round it, the Columns are 36 Feet 6 Inches high, which is the whole height of the principal Story. F. Are the Stables. G. The principal Stair-caſe is placed under the Portico, in the middle of the Court. H. The Court is not finiſh'd, but only as far as to the prick'd Line; and the reſt of the Front within is entirely finiſh d. PLATE VI. B. The Windows are adorn'd with Statues and Feſtoons, exactly as in the Plate; and the Wall of this Story is not Ruſtic, but richly adornd. The Ruſtic of this under Story is very neatly donc. ; PLA TE VII. The way of the Scamilli Impars from thoſe Balluſtrades is ſet in as much as the Projection of the Bale even with the Pe- deſtal. This is the part of the Periſtylos but not yet done. ? EA, I 15 ; C3 . x * 5 4 * ; "3 2 8 Ys... 7 BY 6 s A Fa & * . SS % * 4 N a+ * EY 8 * Je WR "Th Woes over T the Molditions of the Rait ” is juſt in the middle of the Columns. PLATEIX. This Greece Hall. doth anGrer well ; for I aw one © thele Halls finiſhd. 3 Al this Part is old all. From B to C, this part is af finihcd. | ; Io The fore-part of this Houſe is Not begun} U the old Duilding "IS . Th ce ee F. The. other Pilaſters are of Stone. * 5 J have obſerved chat the Stuceo or Fin which covers the Brick Columns Ha with-. Marble Duſt, and the Stucco that they uſcd Vis Doors is made of Mor: | car only. PLATE X. A. The Ac, Freeze ad Corniee ds of Stone. | B. Theſe two Capitals were carved by Pal. ladio's own Hands, as the Maſons at Vi. cenga told me. C. The Leaves or linging of the Capitals arc not carved. D. — —_ E. Theſe Pilaſters are very flat. F. The Jonick Columns to the Windows are Z tound. G. The Ruſtic Bozzi ot Square projects out from the Columns two Inches, which makes it to be perpendicular with the Projection of its Baſe. H. A flat Ruſtic, or rather cut Ruſtic, to be imitated. I. Between the Wo of the Cornice of the Pediment of the Windows and Pilaſter ; E. is + of the ſame Pilaſter, which makes the return of the Angle Pilaſter. K. The Windows of the Baſement Story arc of rough Ruſtic Work. Scamoz2i and Palermo ſaid, that theſe De- ſigns were of Julio Romano, but adjuſted by Palladid; and fo it ſcems. PLATE XII. Theſe Stairs A. have Columns that ſupport the ſloped Arch a Crochiera ; and between the Columns you may look down, and on each Column are Torches ſer up to light the Stairs. As far as the prick d Line the Building is new, and the reſt is old. The Pafſages are archd a Mezza botte. To this Stroke it is of Stone, and all the ö reſt of Bricks. PLATE XIV. A. The great Rooms which are paved of Shocca of ſeveral Deſigns or Com- partments. | B. The ſmall Rooms are arch'd a Mezza botte, and painted in Croteſco. | There is four Wood Stair-caſes in the four Corners of the Hall; two of which arc Notes and Remarks ö are triangular, and the other uo are round. Throughout this Houſe 1 did perceive ho ; manner of 'Cracks nor: 1 but ' it ſtands very ſolid and firm. | A great Sum of Money muſt have been ſpent in-building of this _ and eſpecially for the Terraces. ' PLATE XV. This b. ar the top of the Cupola is not ſet on; but a Net to cover the top Hole to keep out the Flies. E. The Tyling does not look well, conſi- | the Richneſs of the Sratues, and | Beauty of the Buildin ng. C. The Columns are Bricks, except their Baſes and Capitals, which are of Stone. P LATE XVIII. A. This Freeze is inrich d with Heads and Feſtoons. 1 This Freeze is inrich d with 1 and a „Foliage. og | Ge The C of Flowers over the Windows Tre made of Stated 3 ſo much Stucco on the vout-fide does not well. PLATE XX. A. The Breadth of this Atrium 3 * 17 of its Length. C. The Tablino is 4 Parts of the Breadth of the Atrium, and Square beſides the two Half-circlcs: k. The Portico is x5 wide as the Height of the Columns. 1 G. The Courts are + longer than they are large. PLATE XXI. D. The uncovered 8 or outſide Paſſage, which leads to the Stairs and brings you up into the Rodms at right and left : | | | PLATEXXH; A: Logld. B. 'Refeforio: C. Calizola Scopetta. D. Vault Sotto Seſta a Faſcia, E. Moſt of theſe Walls are 2 Bricks and + thick. F. So far this is fitiiſhed ; the reſt is not fl. niſhe " reaſon of the great Expences one of the Fathers told me, that each Arch of the Periſtylo would coſt a thouſand Venetian Ducati, meaning throughout fi- niſhed with Inrichments. The Atrio is fi- ' niſh'd, the Columns are of Bricks, witli red Stucco z the Baſe and Capitals are of Stone, the Roof of the Gallery above the Entablature is of Timber, and was paved with Bricks; but by reaſon of the Rains paſling thro they have been obliged to make another Roof to the top of the Building, and ſupported by Pi 8, afd covered with Tyles ; ſo that about the O- pening of the Atrio above is a covered Terrace to walk on. All this Building is of Brick, and the Orna- naments of Stone; on the ſide of the Peri- ſtylos is done clean, and the Coings; the oval Stairs are excellent; and the Rail of the Stairs is up to the top. The open oval Stairs with a Rall and Baniſter of Stone upon the Steps is extreamly well executed. PLATE XXIV. A. B. Shews the Dripping of the Pavement of the Terrace. B. Shews likewiſe, that this Plinth is raiſed over the hinder part of the Cartooch, as you will find or ſee in the Pfofite of the Cornice. 7 INICO Jones. 71 Ci. The Sfondati to the Ovolo arc all in one without the Corona, and the Cartooches ate turned into a Corona, with a Cimaſi a and a Wave. The Baſes and Capitals of the Columns are of Stone and the Columns of ERS and the Freze of Wood. PLATE XXVYL. I. The Windows that give Light to the Atrio has a Rail to prevent the People's falling in that we valking upon the Terrace M. PLATE XXVII. A. In this Deſign the Cor- nice of the Sfondati in the middle and ſides of the Hall are all of one height, which it ſhould not be. B. The middle Space from Column to Co- lumn is as wide as it is high. Ci. Is the Plan of the Hall, of a perfect Square: PLATE XXVIIL A. This ſquare Faſcia does well between the Columns; its Projection takes but little room. B. The Baſe has only the Fillet and upper Boultel of the Columns. PLATE XXIX. A. This Carinthian Hall is in height from the Ground to the prick d Line as much as it is broad, and the Arch is in height I of the breadth of the ſaid Hall. PL ATE XXX. The upper Columns are half round, and they are + ſhorter than the under ones, and have Windows between the Co- lumns. | | A. An uncovered Terrace to walk round the Hall, and for the Windows to receive 3 Licht from it. B. The Baſement round the Hall at the top of the Cornice ſtands upon Half - columns, perpendicular with the Columns un- derneath. The Joining of the fn; in the Architrave, Freeze and Cornice, is as well as in the Soffita. PLATE XXXI. R. The Grecian Hall and Li- brary 8, are one Square and an half long, beſides the two half Circles; and longer I do not fancy them. The two 4 Circles are 4 part of the length of the Hall R, and Library S. The Receſſes in this Hall are made at pleaſure. PLATE XXXIL A. The Hall is arched a Cro- chiera or Groin, and is one and an half as | high as it is wide; and alſo this is the Lodge. | _ The Stair-caſe that ſeryes the upper and under Rooms, are not fo well as they might have been; but the principal Stairs C, are cxocedingly well placed. P. The Coltimns of the Portico are of the Dorick Order ; the middle part of the Building F, is for the Lord of the Houle. E. On both ſides of the Court arc the Stables, Cellars, and Granaries. G. The Baſement is F Fect high from the Ground, and in it is the Kitchcn and other Offices. The Rooms are a perfect Cube. The largeſt Rooms are 1 Square and + height, and the other Rooms 1 Square Hep The Invention of this Portico is taken from the Temple of Trevi, Plate 75. I have made a general obſervation, that all the Buildings following are but of one Order, the Stair- caſes are generally the tame ; —— anda — 2 , - bras K —y—„- nn, Acorn. Hf — , "of S 8 5 WO AE 93. . Fete. * : — 1 — * 3 2 ” gs PS 7 3 ; - ; : _ "ame; but to ihe Building of the tuo Or- ders,whith are adorn d, the Stair-caſcs are to be lightſome and commodiouſly placed. PLATE XXX A. The Columns of the Lodges arc of the Tonick Order. 5-4 B. The Frontiſpiece of the Portico looks very well, and makes the middle part of the Houſe more in height than the two ſides. CT. The Cornice with the en ranges all round the Building. D. The Pedeſtals are 5 Feer high, and ſerve fort a Baſement round this Building; anf at the top of this Baſement is the Floor of the Rooms, which 'Robms have all a flat Ceiling. | Above this is the Grahaty, and Underneath; is the Kitchen and other Offices. PLATE 'XXXIV. A. The ſmall Rooms near the Lodge are arch'd a Faſcia. E. The great Rooms are high, according to the ſecond manner of arching. C. The-ſquare ones have the Lunette in the Angles over the Windows. D. The Hall is likewiſe arched a Faſcia. B. The Arch of the Lodge is as high as the Arch of the Hall, and both are as high as two Storys. F. The Baſement all round the Houſe, and all the Rooms are arched. PLATE XXV. This Building riſes from the Ground 11 Foot, and underneath is the Kit- chen and other Offices; all the Rooms be- low and above are arched. - PLATE XXXVI. The Fountain A. is cut out of a Rock. The Pavement of the firſt Story i is even with the Court B. C. The Front, has four Columns of the Jo. nick Order with their Architrave, Freeze, Cornice and Pediment. D. The Jonick Capitals of the two Angle Columns have two Fronts. See Lib. 4. Plate 37. E. This Building has two Stories. PLATE XXXVII. The ſmall Chambers and out- ones are of an equal breadth, and the Arches are two Squares in height. PLATE XXXVIII. The Stair-caſes A. are put in the hindermoſt part of the Houſe, to avoid Cold and Heat. PLATE XXXIX. The great Chambers B. are 21 Foot high, and arch d with Reeds for Lightneſs. TLATE MIV. X. This Lodge not begun. B. This Lodge not finiſh'd, To the prick d Line the Lodge is begun, the Architrave is of Wood, and the Columns of Bricks; the Building being finiſh'd low, I do not ſee how - it could have been finiſh'd with the upper Corinthian Columns, I dare ſay this was done without the Conſent of the Architect. PLATE XLV. The circular Lodge looks well, by reaſon that the Cupolo is ſeen above the Pediment of the Portico. PLATE XLIX. The Gentleman that owns this Houſe did uſe me exceeding kind, and he 4 dp *& 7 x * PLATE LIII. A The purtingout of che Landint * „bo Me o E Ss. * we vid me al l 1 "IR . . -and no more; all the reſt is old Buildi | | B./The great Lodge ſhould have been arch' I Mens bott. - C. There is none of this Houſe or Vils that is rais d n but on this; beca the principal Front was. not ſeen to the Road. D. This Lodge receives its Light at the Ends And over the Roof of the lower Buildings. PLATE L. nn Sex Fol. 261. 8 — PLATE LI. A. This laterſccation of the two Lines ſhews the Bigneſs of the great Rooms over the under ones. B. Theſe Ruſtic Columns ate ſuitable for chis Wilk | ' PLATE III. A. Theſe double . better than if it ſhould have been one Column and a Pilaſter, as I have often ſeen uſed in Buildings. | place of the Stairs farther than the of the Rooms is to make them eaſy and light; this Method ſhould be imitated by all Architects. PLATE LIV. This Deſign of Palio never was put in execution, but drawn by the Re- queſt of ſome of his Friends. It is a hard thing in ſuit of the Diffculty to accommodate the Chambers and other Places, that they may have Proportion and Correſpondence one with another. PLATE LV. Cellars and other Magazines of this Houſe were placed under ground. This is a Method never to be imitated. The A- partments that has pitch d Roofs, the Giblins are to be at the narrow Ends of the Building. This Palace is from the Ground to the top of the upper Cornice 68 Foot 6 Inches in height of the Venetian Feet, and 79 Foot 7 Inches E ngl;fh Feet. The Corinthian Order is 4 part ſhorter than the Jonick Order underneath, and the Compoſite Or- der is alſo + ſhorter than the Corinthian. All theſe Obſervations Scamozzi and Brag- gadocio make their own. PLATE LVI. Where is mark'd A in the Plan are Chimney-pieccs. PLATE LVII. The Pilaſters behind the Co- e are call d by Vitra via: ' Paraltice, Lib. 3 Cap. 1 PLATE LVIIL A. The large Windows are placed at the Ends of the Houſe, to give light to the Hall; beſides the Light from the Portico. B. The Architrave and de converted in- to a Faſcia looks well; beſides, ſaves Ex- pences. | PLATE LX. A. The Portico or Lodge is f Picnoſtilos, with Paraſtice. 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